Specific Performance

Specific Performance MT311 Business Law Part I There are four situations we have to review in terms of specific performance and possible breach of contract. First we must understand the elements of specific performance then we can evaluate how they relate to each scenario. â€Å"In some situations, damages are an inadequate remedy for a breach of contract†¦equitable remedies include rescission and restitution, specific performance, and reformation† (Miller & Jentz, 2009). Specific performance is an equitable remedy that requests the promised act be performed per the contract. This is not to be confused with any monetary exchange, rather that the contract be fulfilled as agreed upon originally. Sometimes the performance is of more value than monetary damages, which is why the specific performance remedy appealing for certain types of situations. â€Å"Normally, however, specific performance will not be granted unless the party’s legal remedy (monetary damages) is inadequate† (Miller & Jentz, 2008). A good example of this clause is in regards to unique or rare items that cannot just be bought on the open market. This is where monetary damages would not be a factor. The advantages of specific performance are that the non-breaching party is spared the hassle of collecting judgment, they do not need to set up another contract, and the performance may be of more value than monetary damages. The first scenario states: Tarrington contracts to sell her house and lot to Rainier. Then, on finding another buyer willing to pay a higher purchase price, she refused to deed the property to Rainier. The specifics of this case are unknown; however, based solely on the information provided I believe Rainier is entitled to specific performance as long as the property has not yet been sold. One element of real estate specific performance is that the contract must be fulfilled, unless the land is unavailable because it was sold to someone else. In that scenario damages will be awarded instead. The courts would rather uphold specific performance in relation to the sale of land because every piece of land is unique, and monetary damages will not compensate the buyer adequately. We could argue this dependent on the specifics of the case. In the case of Stainbrook v. Low the court upheld specific performance based on the reasoning that â€Å"a party seeking specific performance of a real estate contract must prove that he has substantially performed his contract obligations or offered to do so† (Miller & Jentz, 2008). Based on this case decision we must assume that Rainier followed through with his part of the contract in terms of financing and inspections. If the courts find that he did not fulfill his obligations or at least offer to follow through they could overturn the case and Rainer will not get the property or any monetary damage. The second case states: Marita contracts to sing and dance in Horace’s nightclub for one month, beginning June 1. She then refuses to perform. In this scenario a contract for personal services is present, and a court will normally not grant specific performance of contracts for personal services. This is because to order a party to perform personal services against his or her will amounts to a type of involuntary servitude, which is contrary to the public policy expressed in the Thirteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution† (Miller & Jentz, 2008). Horace may be entitled to monetary damages from her backing out of the performances in this case. The third case states: Juan contracts to purchase a rare coin from Edmund, who is breaking up his coin collection. At the last minute, Edmund deci des to keep his coin collection intact and refuses to deliver the coin to Juan. This goes back to the element of the performance that is specific to a rare good. The coin is unique and monetary damages will not necessarily allow Juan to go out and purchase an identical substitute. In this case the courts would probably uphold the specific performance and make Edmund follow through with the original contract which is to sell the coin. Lastly, the final case states: Astro Computer Corp. has three shareholders. Among them are Coase, who own 48%, and Cary, who owns 4%. Cary contracts to sell his 4% to DeValle but later refuses to transfer the shares to him. I would say this share would be considered a unique good because each business has its own properties that make it different than other companies. I do not think we could compare the shares to a personal service, and the 4% would not have a definite monetary value. The monetary value of the share could change dramatically depending on the business. I think the courts would force Cary to uphold his contract and give the 4% to DeValle based on the fact that it would be hard to go out and purchase an identical substitute. References Miller, R. L. & Jentz, G. A. (2008). Fundamentals of Business Law Part I.

Life of a Corrections Officer Essay

Being a correction officer is not an easy job. Each and every correction officer has a daily routine, stress, danger, and has to learn to gain compliance of every inmate. Every day in a prison working with inmates can be a challenge; some days may seem easier than other days. There is a daily routine and schedule that each correction officer has to come to terms with. The tasks could be working in the yard to supervising inmates on the work crew. The jobs vary with each officer. But no matter which job, each one is or can be very stressful when it comes to maintaining and keeping inmates in order. Each job can be very stressful, but it is up to the correction officer to take disciplinary actions in a mannerly way. A correction officer has a job everyday to â€Å"maintain control and order within a prison† (Seiter, 2011, p.390). Every day each inmate has to be under supervision at all times and each correction officer makes sure that security is maintained properly. Each and every correction officer has an assigned job they have to perform. There are usually seven categories’ that a correction officer can be assigned to. These categories include living units, work detail supervisors, industrial shop and school officers, yard officers, administration building assignments, perimeter security and relief officers. â€Å"Each Specific assignment has post orders, a detailed description of the activities that are required to be performed throughout the day, often includes the time they are to occur†(Seiter,2011,p.391). Post orders is to tell the correction officer how to do each specific assignment. Each assignment that is performed has a time schedule. The correction officer also has to report a detailed report on the assignment. Every minute, of every day while the correction officer is on duty, it very crucial. For instance, one minute an officer may be walking inmates to their cells and then the next minute, they could be breaking up a fight. The main part of being a correction officer is to never show any signs of weakness to any inmates. If any signs of weakness are shown, the inmates can and will use that against the officer and try everything to bring that officer down. With an inmate using an officers weakness against them, can cause a lot of stress and danger to the correction officer. Stress is very typical with being a correction officer. Stress can come from overtime shifts, not enough employees on hand, violence in the facility, or problems with other staff members. Many programs are available to help correction officers to deal with stress because stress will always be a part of being a correction officer. â€Å"Job stress has been found to have numerous negative mental and physical effects on correctional staff. Cheek and Miller (1983) reported that correctional officers have a higher than expected likelihood of hypertension, heart attacks, and other stress-related illnesses. Ultimately, the health of the correctional employee can suffer to the point that it shortens the person’s life. Both Cheek (1984) and Woodruff (1993) reported that correctional officers die far sooner than expected as compared to the national life expectancy, and stress is the leading reason for the shortened life expectancy†(Lambert, 2006). Stress is not good for a person’s health and that is why these facilities offer options to deal with stress while working in such facilities. These trainings help the correction officer to help avoid the stressful situations and how to deal with their own personal stress. Counseling is offered for the correction officers and the families. This helps them to deal with stress and keep the levels of stress down. The best way to help keep stress down is keeping a healthy active life, such as diets, exercise, and trying to maintain financial security. All though, stress seems to be an important role with being a correction officer, it’s not. The most important is gaining compliance from inmates. This means that a correction officer needs to deal with inmates without threatening them or disciplining an inmate without their being a breakout in the prison or the inmate rebelling against any orders that are given.† It is not easy to gain compliance from inmates already in prison, many of whom rebel against all authority and are serving long sentences with very little to lose†(Seiter,2011,p.394). If any inmates do not follow any orders, the correction officer has the power to punish them in the appropriate way. The most important skill to use is interpersonal communication. This communication allows correction officers to treat inmates humanly as possible. If a correction officer treats an inmate with disrespect, it is most likely that the inmate will get very angry and rebel against that officer. Inmates do not like to be treated unfairly, as they should not be treated unfair in any given circumstance. Every inmate has the knowledge of knowing they should follow rules and what they should and should not do. It can be very stressful being a correction officer. The main key is to have training to deal with stress and know what kind of stress they may be in for. Stress can come from many different directions and effect a correction officer, but as long as they know what they were getting into before they got into the situation, then they should be able to deal with the stress pretty good. As long as a correction officer can be fair and treat inmates fairly, then that can also help reduce stress and make the situations in the facility go a lot smoother. References Eric G Lambert, Nancy Lynne Hogan, & Reva I Allen. (2006). CORRELATES OF CORRECTIONAL OFFICER JOB STRESS: The Impact of Organizational Structure[dagger]. American Journal of Criminal Justice : AJCJ, 30(2), 227-IV. Retrieved October 17, 2011, from Research Library. (Document ID: 1167641161). Seiter, P. 2011. Corrections: An Introduction. Pearson education inc. 3rd edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Proposed Solutions for Working Together Essay

â€Å"Most would agree that trait represents a disposition to behave expressing itself in consistent patterns of functioning across a range of situations† (Pervin, 1994). Many things play into the traits that we end up with as adults. These traits have a profound effect on how we interact with groups. Difficulty can always be found when a group is attempting to work together due to variances in personality traits. The key to working together as a group is to understand the differences and similarities that each group member possesses in order to reach the wanted outcome of the group. According to the personality assessments based on the Big Five taken by Team B the similarities in common are vast and the differences are minimal so working together should be easy. As the tests suggest, the team members are mostly agreeable and dependable so when a plan for action is reached then the team will fall in line to handle what needs to be done in order to reach the agreed upon goal. Even though the Big Five can be looked at as limiting the personality to only a five dimensional plane, the basis of the dimensions that are there can tell about the personality of individuals. â€Å"Just as stereotypes bias our perceptions of an out-group, implicit personality theories may bias our perceptions of others† (Friedman & Schustack, 2012). In Team B there seems to be no evidence that there would be limitations to achieving their goals.

Article Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

Article Review - Essay Example He further advances that neither the present nor the past of the underdeveloped countries resembles any part of the developed countries, actually, the developed countries were never underdeveloped but just undeveloped (Andre, 1966). Far from what theorists believes, Andre argues that contemporary underdevelopment is to a greater scope the historical product of past and continuing economic and other relations between the satellite underdeveloped and the now developed metropolitan countries (Andre, 1966). Andre, goes through a series of hypothesizes to establish the approach appropriate in developing cogent theories on development of underdevelopment in the underdeveloped world (Andre, 1966). His hypothesizes are qualified by the history of the developed countries during their journey to development. He takes the examples of North America, Brazil, and Chile to show how capitalism and monopoly contributed to imbalanced development in these countries (Andre, 1966). For instance, Brazil underwent through industrial establishment during the Second World War but unfortunately, development was unfelt in the satellite parts. The hypothesis adopted is that the development of underdevelopment in the underdeveloped world is highly tied to colonialism and the economic injustices occasioned to these countries by the developed world. Analyzing the case of these countries establishes that they remain colonies of the developed countries through neo-colonialist. The developed countries for instance controls the market, they buy at a lower prices from these countries and sell at a higher price to them in return. This leads to the continued suppression of these countries by their developed counterparts. From the foregoing, it is ascertainable that the underdeveloped world is best fit to solve the problems of this world. This borrows from

Education in Britain 1979 to Present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Education in Britain 1979 to Present - Essay Example The period from 1979-1997 can be referred as neo-liberalism era as it was characterised by marketisation especially of public services. According to Gillard (2011) it was also a period of social and economic restructuring whereby Thatcher applied her unpopular aggressive policies earning her the title of ‘iron lady’. Prior to conservative government taking over office tremendous changes had been made in the education sector especially resulting from the 1944 Education Act. This Act saw the introduction of free and compulsory education to pupils aged 5-16 and also the famous selection tests known as 11+ (Jones, 2003: 25). The schools were put on Local Education Authorities who were involved in funding and management of schools. Parents, in this case, did not have much choice as to what schools their pupils should attend. Although the Act was aimed at creating equal opportunities for students’ social class differences were still apparent as students from the middle class attended good schools while those from poor backgrounds ended up in technical schools. It was a three tier system comprising of grammar schools, technical school, and secondary modern. Exclusion thus persisted. While in office, the secretary for education James Callaghan had instituted a youth opportunity program for 16-18-year-olds in 1978 after a great debate on the nature and purpose of education. When Thatcher came into office she did not abolish the system but rather expanded it in 1980 and renamed in 1983 to be the Youth Training Scheme. However, the debate in her time was one sided ads she did nit involve other actors such as parents, teachers and governors. In 1980 she also started the Assisted Places Scheme to help those poor students who passed entrance exams to get free places (Chitty, 2004: 45; Gillard, 2011). The first agenda for Thatcher concerning education was to do away with the 11 plus selection exam but her efforts were thwarted since comprehensive schooling still enjoyed great popularity (Richmond, 2007). The curriculum in place is determined by the government of the day hence prone to a lot of changes. The selection exam was

Managing Financial Resources and Decisions Essay - 1

Managing Financial Resources and Decisions - Essay Example Managers believe that finance promotes a better understanding among departments and assist them to achieve corporate strategy (Shim & Siegel, 2008, p.5-7). There are different tools through which the management analyses the efficiency of their financial management strategy. Few of the commonly used tools are ratio analysis, budget forecasting and analysing, net future cash flow though NPV. Management also uses certain specific tools to determine the profitability and the rate of return through tools like IRR, ROI and profitability index. Any problem existing in the financial policy followed by the company can lead to a major problem in future. Therefore the financial department should analyse the efficiency of these policies on a periodic basis and should update them to cope up with changing market scenario. British Airways is a full service providing global airline that offers low fare routes throughout the year. The airline has an extensive network almost all over the world and connects all the vital destinations. The huge fleet size, large number of international flights and dense networking makes British Airways the largest airline in UK. At present the company has it’s headquarter at London Gatwick Airport as well as London Heathrow Airport. The airline service provided by the company connects more than 150 destinations through 248 aircrafts. However increased competition in airline industry, fluctuation in crude oil prices and collapse of the world economy has lead to the lowering of its passenger base. This downfall is also affecting the revenue as well as market image of the company. To have a better understanding of the efficiency with which BA manages its finance, an in-depth analysis of the company’s financials was done. On basis of this analysis certain vital f actors related to the company are discussed below. After analysing the annual cash flow statement of the

Body art and ornamentation of the Egyptian Copts and Hindi India Essay

Body art and ornamentation of the Egyptian Copts and Hindi India cultures - Essay Example d person as incomplete and they usually use a matchmaker to find possible marriage couples unlike the Copts who look for their own partners (Lindsey, 2012). After the couples are matched by the matchmaker the go to their parents for approval after which wedding preparations start immediately. These Hindu marriages happen in the most spiritual day- ocuta, early in the moment where the girl is led by the male around a fire (punit) seven times (Lindsey, 2012). The Hindi culture does not consider baptism in water. On the other hand, the Egyptian Copts baptize their children seven days after birth where the child is baptized by the father (Lindsey, 2012). The father washes the child in a washbowl and later prays the Salat elTist- the washbowl prayer. This process tales about 30 minutes and is followed by a two hour prayer where the child is given the holy secrets called the Tanawel (Lindsey, 2012). If a member of the Coptic culture dies, his/her body is washed by a family member, covered by a shroud and the whole family goes to church to pray for the dead. The priest then conducts the funeral service and the body is buried (Lindsey, 2012). There is no specific day for burial. On the other hand, the Indians had dissimilar ways of burying their dead based on their tribe (Lindsey, 2012). Some buried them under the ground in coffin while other burned their dead. The ashes were later buried or conserved in a sacred place depending on their social status (Lindsey, 2012). The principal garment that was worn during the ancient Coptic period was a tunic, usually made of linen but sometimes made of wool, with a tapestry-woven decoration. Over it was the pallium – an oblong cloak which was similarly decorated as the tunic (Dimand, 1930). These tunics had adornments at the front and back together with shoulder bands of dissimilar lengths, and square roundels on the shoulders. The lower edge had trims of horizontal bands that turned at right angles on each side (Dimand, 1930).

The Recipe Book as a Tradition in the Family Essay

The Recipe Book as a Tradition in the Family - Essay Example Different families have different items among their possessions that they hold most dear. These items usually have some special meaning to the members of the family and they seldom give out these items outside the family. Among the many possessions in my family, there is one that has incomparable value. It reminds everyone of our past and is the basis of some of our traditions in the family. This special item is a recipe book that my grandmother wrote. The recipe book contains several recipes that my grandmother developed. These recipes have been in use in my family for such a long time that some of the meals have become our identity among friends and relatives. It is a tradition in the family to cook a meal from the recipe book at least once a week. We always look forward to meals prepared from the recipe book, as they are usually special. Our family also uses the book when we have guests and during special events and occasions. Owing to this tradition, the recipe book has become so special in our family. My family intends to keep the recipe book for generations to come. That is to keep the recipes a family secret down the years and ensure we maintain our uniqueness when it comes to preparing special meals. Only select members of the family will inherit it down the generations to keep the traditions going. Currently, the book is under the custody of my mother who, when the time comes, will decide whom to give it. Everyone in the family hopes to inherit it and be the master of those rich meals in their own family.

Engage Gladwell, Olson, and Nathan in a conversation to explain how Essay

Engage Gladwell, Olson, and Nathan in a conversation to explain how individuals - Essay Example Consequently, many societies share a common belief, born of experience that diversity in their nationality is important for them to achieve their most important mission. Rebekah Nathan, who authored â€Å"Community and Diversity†, describes that the ineffectiveness of weak relations challenges the existence of a strong college community. â€Å"The End of Race† by Steve Olson explores the effects of intermarriages on the Hawaiian community and the universe. In â€Å"Small Change†, Malcolm Gladwell shows how civil-rights emerged and gained popularity through use of social media that fosters what he calls weak, temporary relationships. Therefore, I will elucidate on how developing integrated schools, encouraging intermarriages, participating and sharing helps in creating strong relationships, and eradicating preconceptions that have for long existed in the society. Firstly, developing integrated schools can be a major point towards the development of strong relationships and a community free from cultural prejudices. Obviously, most children spent a better part of their lives in schools and any positive aspects that they develop while in school are likely to impact positively on their future lives. Most of schools will involve children or students from separates social, economic and political backgrounds and students will learn to appreciate their differences rather than viewing the differences negatively. According to Olson, schools and neighborhoods in Hawaii were integrated and children continued living harmoniously regardless of their differences. Olson states that â€Å"Children of different ethnicities continue to grow up together and marry, just as they did in the camps† (339). Such children will grow in harmony and chances of them being predisposed towards a certain culture or ethnic group are quite trifling. In schools, they do everything communally and can hardly

Gps systems in todays society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Gps systems in todays society - Research Paper Example 4). The space segment is made up of at least 24 GPS satellites that orbit the earth twice a day in a specific pattern. The control segment is the segment responsible for constantly monitoring from the ground, the satellite’s movements, signals and orbital configuration. The user segment consists of the GPS receiver which collects and processes signals from the GPS satellites which then determines and computes location, velocity and time. Three aspects were emphasized during the development of the GPS3 (Zogg 9). First, it must assist its users in determining position, speed, and time, whether an object is in motion or at rest. Second, irrespective of the weather, it must have a continuous global, 3-dimensional positioning capability with a high degree of accuracy. And lastly, even ordinary people must be able to use it. This last aspect is the reason why GPS is now widely used not only in military operations but also in our everyday lives. GPS has a plethora of uses in our society today. Its applications can be found in various industries. Foremost among its uses is the tracking of people, commodities and the different modes of transportation. GPS receivers are used for determining position, speed and time. It can be used everywhere except in areas where receiving a signal is impossible such as innermost parts of buildings, caves, underwater or other subterranean locations. In the military which was originally the intended purpose of the GPS, aircrafts, ships, submarines and tanks use it for basic navigation, target designation, close air support and weapon technology4 (Garmin Ltd. 6). In aviation, GPS is very useful because pilots use it for navigation and determining airport approaches. In space, GPS helps track and control satellites in orbit. Space shuttles also use the same technology. At sea, the most typical use of GPS is for navigation by recreational

1984 George Orwell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

1984 George Orwell - Essay Example All privacy of the people is done away with. An individual cannot express, he is part of the collective conformity. Each citizen is required to be a loyal follower of the government. Physical and emotional tortures are the accepted procedures to achieve the reformation goals. The supreme leader eliminates the fundamental rights and freedom of expression of the citizens. They are like the dumb, driven cattle. Since each movement is monitored, people are afraid to exhibit even emotions. Human nature is suppressed. Youth is taught to rebel against the parents. "It was almost normal for people over thirty to be frightened of their own children." (Orwell n. d.) They are afraid of their shadows! Newspeak relates to domination of the thought process where in the State will command it in totality, with no scope for the opinion of others. It will remove all shades of meanings from the language that which is not conducive to the philosophy of the state. Thus, the vocabulary gets reduced every year and the words like rebellion, freedom etc., will vanish from the dictionary of the totalitarian state. The processes of destruction of words begin with the introduction and use of Newspeak to give a blow to logical thinking with a deliberate scheme to oppress the freedom-loving speakers. Its negative connotation is its ‘beauty.’ The government’s main aim is to know what is going on in the minds of the people, and telescreens are installed to watch their moves. News about false hopes is broadcasted. The tools like newspaper, print media and speakers give information, not truth, and what is convenient from the government point of view. Psychological principles are used to brainwash the people and to secure their commitment to the philosophy of the party. For example, they apply electrical shocks to subdue and weaken the spirit of Winston. The constant supervision makes the citizens the virtual prisoners in their daily lives in Oceania.

Ljb Company Essay Example for Free

Ljb Company Essay Introduction LJB Company has asked the accounting firm to evaluate their system of internal controls because of the plan to go public in the near future. The president wants to be aware of any new regulations required of his company if they go public. The current system of internal controls was explained to the accounting firm. Under SOX Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, all public traded U.S. corporations are required to maintain a sufficient system of internal controls. In order for this to be implemented all Corporate Executives and board of directors have to ensure that the controls are reliable and effective. With LJB Company incorporating the information from SOX act this will allow them reduce corporate fraud by making sure that all of the procedures for financial reporting is following in accordance to all guidelines. Internal Control Requirements In order for LJB Company to become a public trade, under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires a registered U.S. publicly traded company to have an independent audit committee as a part of its Board of Directors. My accounting firm recommends that since LJB is a small sized company in terms of its employees should reevaluate their costs versus the benefits of being a public traded company. If LJB decides to go public in the near future there will be some new internal control requirements. One of the factors of the internal control system is to ensure that the management is in control of its environment. Top management needs to make it clear and concise on what can and won’t be tolerated especially when it comes to the organizations values, mission statement and unethical behavior. The second factor of the internal control system is the company leading its control activities. The control activities are considered as the post that holds the company’s effort to address all risks that they may possibly face going public. One thing that the company may face is fraud and in order to reduce fraud, management has to create and build policies to address those specific risks. Strengths and Recommendations Since LJB Company is relatively small, they have an advantage over their competitors who are large companies. Being a small company due to its size of employees, one of the things they are doing right is being able to set expectations and implement those within the organization. As a smaller company, the accountant’s decision to switch to pre-numbered invoices and the purchase of an indelible ink machine was a good idea and investment. The pre-numbered invoices will prevent transactions from being recorded multiple times. With the internal control system this will require that the employees forward their source documents for the accounting entries. The indelible ink machine will help organize all of the accounting duties. We recommended that LJB Company purchase an indelible ink machine to print all employees and cut checks. With the indelible ink machine this will make it difficult for unauthorized users to endorse checks and be approved. This will cut down on fraud and theft within the company. Violations LJB Company is very susceptible to fraud due the weaknesses and threats presented in the day to day operations. The type of threats include: no human resource control, lack of cash control, and no duties defined for each individual. LJB Company is lacking in the separation of duties because the Treasurer and Controller functions is being done by the same person. Although these two duties are being performed by one person and stream lining the process this causes LJB to be susceptible to fraud and out of compliance with the SOX act requirements. Each of these duties should be performed two different individuals. LJB Company has lack of cash controls. The lack of cash control has to be watched because within LJB each employee has access to petty cash and that shouldn’t be the case. Access to petty cash should be restricted to authorized personnel only. Any time there is a disbursement from the petty cash there should be an original receipt and signature that received the reimbursement. LJB Company human resource controls are very limited. Within this company both the Accountant and President have to review and approve all of the new hires which is the process. If LJB had a proper human resource control there would be a function set in place for new hires by hiring someone with HR experience that has risk training. Having a more defined HR control resource this would allow the company to clearly define the different roles and responsibilities for each employee. Also with the HR resource all employees would go through background check, each employee be given their own username and password and be tracked with the activity report. Conclusion We believe that this assessment of the current controls of LJB Company and the recommendations provided will meet your expectations and allow your company to be a fully traded public company. To reinstate this problem; in order for LJB Company to become a public trade, under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires a registered U.S. publicly traded company to have an independent audit committee as a part of its Board of Directors. My accounting firm recommends that since LJB is a small sized company in terms of its employees should reevaluate their costs versus the benefits of being a public traded company. Works Cited Kimmel, Paul D.. Financial Accounting: Tools for Business Decision Making, 7th Edition. John Wiley Sons, 02/2013. .

Impact of the Maoist Insurgency on the Nepalese Society

Impact of the Maoist Insurgency on the Nepalese Society CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. The Nepalese people had a positive, but to a large extent unrealistic, expectation with the new political establishment of 1990, which had installed a democratic system of governance in the country. This form of governance was unable to meet the peoples expectations. Midterm parliamentary elections of November, 1994 resulted in a hung parliament that further led to a power-centric rivalry between various political parties. Maoists, a radical fraction of the Nepalese communist movement, whose ultimate goal was to establish a communist republic through armed struggle, found the prevailing environment most appropriate for triggering a long awaited armed struggle. The Maoists started an armed insurgency amidst political instability from the remote hills of mid Western region, and finally emerged as a threat to Nepals democracy. The Nepalese government, in its various capacities, fought the Maoist insurgency. The government was able to contain a growing insurgency, but had not been abl e to achieve the desired political end state within the existing constitutional framework. 2. Nepal endured the Maoist insurgency for more than a decade and this truly posed a formidable threat to national security. The government failed to anticipate and diagnose the problem properly in the first place and a frequently changing government could not effectively employ the instruments of national power by devising a coherent and coordinated national strategy. Ultimately, the government relied on security/military measures without formulating a viable and broader political and socio-economic strategy. The governments response to the Maoist challenge in general was reactive, inconsistent, and far from effective.   The extreme friction and division within the ruling circles prevented the state from articulating a clear, consistent and convincing response during the most critical phase of democratic transition. The conflict resolution and long-term stability in Nepal is still uncertain, yet the conflict settlement process has started after more than a decade long conflict. Ha d there been a better understanding of the insurgency from the beginning, conflict would have been less costly. 3.Emergence of Nepal Communist Party (Maoist).Understanding the birth of the Nepal Communist Party (Maoist), relates back to the conquest of Kathmandu valley in 1769 by a king from Gorkha, a small principality in central Nepal. By the end of the eighteenth century, the Shah dynasty of Gorkha through conquest, marriage and diplomacy had succeeded in annexing the small principalities and forming the country that is today known as Nepal. Towards the end of the unification campaign in the early nineteenth century, the Kings power waned and control of the state slid into the hands of the military families. Competition for the control of the state led to bloody struggle between different military families. From the mid nineteenth century onwards, the state machinery became the preserve of one family the Ranas. 4. With its aim to overthrow the Rana rule, the Nepali National Congress (NC) was formed in 1946 in Banaras by fusing the Akhil Bharatiya Nepal Rashtriya Congress, the Nepali Sangh and the Gorkha Congress. Pushpa Lal Shrestha who served as the office secretary for Nepali National Congress was dissatisfied with the NCs policies for a non-violent struggle. He quit the party and started working on setting up a communist party. He translated and published Marxs Communist Manifesto which was released on 15 September 1949, the date that is considered the founding day of the Communist Party of Nepal (CPN). Although political parties were legally prohibited during this time, Nepali students in India had been exposed to Marxist views and many were even affiliated to CPI (Communist Party of India). At the time of the 1950 uprising, the CPN was in the early stages of party formation. Although it enunciated its ideology of class struggle and armed revolution, the party was not explicit about its objectives nor was it clear about its role in the 1950 movement in which NC had professed overthrowing the Rana regime and establishing democracy with constitutional monarchy. Therefore, NC dominated the 1950 revolution and CPN began expanding its support base and exercising its strength only after 1950. 5. Ideological and personality clashes among the leaders began eroding the organizational unity of the CPN during the decades of 1960s and 1970s. The party divided into three branches: the moderates, the extremists and the radicals. In 1974 the ‘central nucleus split into the CPN led by Mohan Bikram and Nirmal Lama and the CPN led by Man Mohan Adhikari. The communist party led by Adhikari joined with smaller groups and formed the CPN (ML) in 1978. By 1991 the CPN (ML) joined hands with Pushpa Lals CPN (Marxist) to form the CPN (Unified Marxist Leninist) a nomenclature that is retained to this day. At the time of the 1990 movement, the CPN (UML) was the largest Communist organization in the country. 6. While the Communist party led by Man Mohan Adhikari was consolidating with smaller groups and expanding its base, the other CPN was experiencing numerous break offs. In May of 1979, King Birendra announced a national referendum. Disputes arose between the two leaders of this party regarding the referendum. Mohan Bikram Singh was unwilling to participate in a referendum called by the King while Nirmal Lama, general secretary, accepted the referendum and faced opposition within his party. As a result, he was forced to resign from his post. Ultimately, Mohan Bikram Singh and Nirmal Lama parted ways. Singh formed his own party the CPN (Masal) in 1983. In 1985, Masal fragmented into Mashal and Masal. Mashal, led by Mohan Baidya, was subsequently replaced by Pushpa Kamal Dahal alias Prachanda, who would later be known as the Maoist supremo. The subsequent development and emergence of the Maoist party is shown in Appendix â€Å"A†. 7.Background of Maoist Insurgency in Nepal.The start of armed insurgency was not only the result of an opportunistic response to the emerging political instability after 1990 but also the product of a rational and deliberate calculation. Some form of radical elements of the leftist movement in Nepal has always believed in armed insurgency. The root of the communist movement in Nepal goes back to the birth of the Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) in 1949. The CPN had secured four seats out of 104 in the first ever parliamentary election conducted in 1959. The CPN was split on the question of supporting a royal takeover in December 1960. Towards the latter half of the 1970s, the communist movement in Nepal had also developed its radical factions which were influenced by the Chinese Cultural Revolution and the Naxalites movement of India. Following in the footsteps of Naxlites, CPN (Marxist-Leninist) carried out killings of local land owners in eastern Jhapa district of Nepal during the la te 1970s, also known as Jhapa Uprising. This uprising was immediately suppressed by the then Panchyat government, a party-less government system under direct rule of the monarch. The Nepalese communists were generally divided into two groups until the end of the Panchayat system. One group was ready to follow democratic system and another believed in seizure of power through armed insurgency. CPN (Maoist), who started the armed insurgency in February 1996, was always in favor of armed insurgency. Maoists, through their open political front, forwarded a 40 point demand to the government in February 1996, as an ultimatum otherwise to begin an armed insurgency; however, the Maoists started the armed insurgency even before reaching the deadline. 8.Governments Counter Insurgency Strategy.Nepal had experienced 15 different governments from 1990 to April 2006. Political instability made democratic transition difficult and prevented the government from acting appropriately against the insurgency. Various governments endeavored to respond to insurgency with a range of policy instruments during their respective tenure. Weak administrative infrastructure, frequent changes in government, hung parliaments, lack of determined leadership, diverse interest and different views of major political forces towards insurgency contributed to reactive, inconsistent and sometimes counterproductive response. Maoists completed preparation of the armed insurgency by keeping the government unaware, in order to avoid government repression. As an initial response, the government preferred to use police forces without anticipating the long term consequences. Police operations engaged the Maoists, but never controlled the local population. These repress ive and heavy handed law and order measures further alienated the local populace, which ultimately benefited the insurgents for organizational expansion. Only with the November 2001 offensive by the Maoists, did the government become more serious. After initial setbacks, the government decided to take a immediate approach to address grievances at the local level. It was conceived as the Internal Security and Development Program (ISDP). Increased Maoist violence prevented the government from running such types of programs together with combat operations in the insurgency infested areas. The government was forced to back out of this program.   Nepalese government counter insurgency measures from 1996 to 2006 included programs as followings: Initial Police/administrative measures. Security/military measures with ISDP programs. Counter Insurgency Operations. Peace Talks Promulgation of Terrorist and Terrorism Act. Activation of special courts to try insurgents. METHODOLOGY Statement Of The Problem 9. The researcher intends to analyze the impact of the Maoist insurgency on the Nepalese society in terms of political, social, economic and security aspect which they were forced to undergo during the period. The researcher also lays suggestions and recommendations to assist the future military leaders for better understanding of the problems and ways to address all societal needs if exposed to similar type of environment in the future. Hypothesis 10. The Nepalese society and the people were the main victim of the conflict during the decade long insurgency, in terms of social, economic and political losses. Justification Of The Study 11. Conflict, war and warlike events themselves are intolerable events in a peaceful society and automatically their impact on the society and its organ is more intolerable. The research will limit itself to a brief description of the then prevailing political situation. The main focus of the research will be concentrated towards how the society experienced the insurgency/counterinsurgency operations. A detailed analysis of the states inability to visualize the social, political, security and economic impact realized during the counter insurgency will be analyzed in detail. 12. The sole intent to scrutinize the above mentioned aspects is to provide an insight view to all the readers to understand the psychological pressure that the Nepalese society had undergone during the counter insurgency operations. Despite being one of the most significant subjects, there were some limitations regarding preparation of the paper which includes; the time limitation to make detailed study and the other commitments of the researcher in the college as well. 13. There are various national and international books, research paper written, prepared published by military professionals, academicians journalist about the Maoist insurgency and the governments approach to the problem, but only few of them that were relevant to the subjects were studied for the preparation of the paper. Methods Of Data Collection 14. This paper is based on a review and examination of information gathered from a variety of secondary sources. Due to the nature and availability of numerous research works on the subject matter the researcher did not opt for any field based research. This study is based on a descriptive along with analytical study of the Nepalese governments counter insurgency strategy along with its impact on the Nepalese populace at large. For this, the researcher has mainly studied and analyzed books and various websites. This research is by no means a complete picture of the conflict in Nepal and neither a complete picture of the Nepalese experiences during the insurgency period. Neither does this research claim to cover all impacts, but merely constitutes a review dependent upon available information. Organisation Of The Dissertation 15. It is proposed to study the subject in the following manner: The chapter II highlights the background reasons behind the decade long conflict, in which more than 13 thousand innocents lost their lives. The chapter III briefly tries to explain the societal experiences of the insurgency in various levels and facades. The chapter IV tries to analyze the victims of the insurgency. The chapter V finally concludes the research, with proving of the hypothesis. CHAPTER II BACKGROUND REASONS BEHIND THE CONFLICT General 16. On February 13, 1996, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), initiated a Peoples War with over 5,000 actions being carried out throughout the country including armed assaults on police stations in rural districts, the confiscation of property from oppressive landlords and punishment of local tyrants. The Maoist movement in Nepal grew out of imbalance within the society due to poverty, unemployment and frustration among the youths. Inaccessible hills, lack of communication and illiteracy further created an environment where insurgency could easily take its roots. Political instability in the country and failure of political leaders to respond to the hopes of mass population further attributed to the rise of Maoist movement. 17. Geographical disparity.Mid Western and far Western regions are basically remote areas of Nepal suffering from widespread poverty, disparity, structural inequality, injustice and discrimination. This in turn provided the Maoist with perfect breeding ground. Hence, the insurgency started from the mid-Western region (namely Rolpa, Rukum, Salyan and Jajarkot districts). Gradually they were able to increase their influence across the country and later were virtually present in all seventy five districts from rural to urban and hills to terai (plain) areas. The geographical expansion and growth of the Maoist insurgency was sharp and ubiquitous mainly because of two reasons. First, they effectively and successfully utilized media, rights activists, frustrated masses (e.g., ex-bounded laborers, unemployed youths, etc.) and poor, marginalised and underprivileged groups. They also created reign of terror to help expand their activities. Second, complete failure of the government to address geographical inequalities and provide regionally balanced development opportunities and infrastructures. All form of governance had completely neglected these two regions as they were inaccessible and remote. 18.Impacts of the Security Forces.Nothing can be more appalling to innocent rural community than when security forces move in, searching for insurgents. Because of the poor training of the police personnel and their lack of knowledge and proper orientation, instead of resolving the problem, they usually end up becoming major problems themselves. Police Operations like Operation Romeo, Operation Kilo Shera-2 and Jungle Search Operations (1998-99) and Silent Kilo Shera-3, Delta and Operation Chakrabihu (2000-May 2001) did not prove effective. Instead they helped escalate the conflict from certain geographical areas to across the country. Large numbers of innocent people were victims of these operations, which developed further resentment and feeling of revenge. The government completely failed to recognize the gravity of the problem of geographically neglected areas. Thus the Maoist were able to give the impression to the general public that they truly represented their interests, need s and aspirations of geographically isolated poor rural population who had been excluded from the economic, political and social opportunities mainly because of staying in geographically remote and backward areas. 19.Social Exclusion and Acute Inequalities. Absolute poverty, lack of access to resources and failure of political structures to address these issues made the Nepalese society extremely vulnerable to conflict. Deep rooted social cleavages in terms of caste, ethnicity, gender, regional, cultural, linguistic and religious forms of discrimination provided fertile ground to escalate the conflict.Maoists successfully capitalised the widely discernible disillusionment of people towards poor performance of political structure. Dominance of certain groups (e.g., Brahmin, Chhetri and Newar) in all social, political and economic sectors promoted feeling of injustice and revenge as lower caste people strongly believed that they had been excluded from opportunities and resources. Maoists tactically utilised these feelings. The emergence of ethnic interest groups, awareness on social exclusion, ethnic inequalities and governance failure fuelled the conflict. 20.Unstable Government and Their Lack of Responsiveness.There has been considerable political instability since the inception of democracy in the country.   The performance of parliamentary democracy for years had repeatedly failed by its frequent shifting of alliances, changing stands with the alternative governments and seeking fresh elections. This trend created an unhindered and favorable environment for the Maoist to widen their influence, the government being unable to take any bold steps for the economic as well as social upliftment of the people. The people, who had great expectations from the political leaders after the restoration of democracy, were disheartened by their irresponsible acts of engaging themselves in internal wrangling. 21.Lack of good governance.The revolving door charade of ministers with the formation and fall of different governments only increased the corrupt practices across the board.The splitting of major parties created a weaker government which inspired the rampage corruption in the administrative sector. The nepotism and favoritism made people feel the class discrimination. Such conditions decreased the faith towards the government and the Maoists were successful in exploiting the discontented group to gain passive or active support.  Ã‚   22.Fragile Economy and Rampant Poverty. Nepal ranks among the poorest countries of the world. With no major industries for earning foreign currency and deteriorating tourism industry, the economic condition of the country is decreasing each day. No economic program had been implemented effectively in the remote areas where 85 percent of the populations are still in acute poverty. The 2002 Budget presented by the government headed by then Prime Minister Deuba painted a gloomy economic picture of the country. Out of Rs. 96.12 billion, Rs. 57.45 billion was set aside for regular expenditure and rest for developmental projects. Rs. 14 billion was allocated to the security forces. This meant regular expenses were higher than expenditure under the development section in the, and government was giving more importance to law and order than economic reform. 23.Ideology.Maoist Movement involves only a small minority of the countrys population as active participants. Most of the participants are members of the underground who perform their normal functions within the society along with their clandestine and covert activities. However, ideology has been an important factor in unifying the many divergent interests and goals that exists among the Maoist movements membership. As a common set of interrelated beliefs, values and norms, the ideology has been used to manipulate and influence the behavior of individuals with in the communities and societies. Such strategy of the Maoist has directly or indirectly motivated and attracted many innocent citizens of the country.   24.Illiteracy and ignorance. Nepals Functional literacy remains low, even though official statistics show that the literate population numbers at around 60 percent. Most of the literate or educated are again concentrated in the cities and often it is the illiterate majority that remains back in the villages where the Maoists are still active with organization building. Those without proper education are unable to distinguish between promises and practical goals and because they are â€Å"unaware† or not â€Å"critically conscious† about what they are told, they are more likely to be influenced. Inability of the people to differentiate between what is told to them and what is achievable is reason for the increase in support to the Maoists. Low literacy and lack of effective information and communication mechanisms in rural areas   provided the Maoists, the space to persuade locals to support their cause and at the same time failure of democracy to deliver up to the exp ectations of the people contributed to the frustrations of the poor and to the growth of the insurgency. Positive Aspects Of The Conflict 25. The conflict also had some â€Å"positive† aspects, i.e. if one discounts and pretends to temporarily forget the losses. These positive aspects are the social reforms initiated by the government after the Maoists began rattling the status quo by forcibly correcting some long-standing socio-cultural inequities. Some of those reforms were in the plans and programs of the government and political parties but had never really been implemented. The Maoists have effectively challenged the discriminatory and exploitative caste system and have taken the debate on ethnicity and identity to the level of discussion or regional autonomy and self-determination. 26. The Maoists advocate regional autonomy, promising nationalities and geographically specific regions the right to self-determination. Locally, Maoists women, enforced bans on alcohol production and distribution, which they claim had helped reduce social evils (domestic violence, for example), and also to improve food security by ensuring that food grains are not used for brewing alcohol. The anti-alcohol drive, however also had another side. Many of the ethnic populations need alcohol for religious ceremony and cultural events, and the industry is also a major employer. 27. In the village the Maoists are also said to have forcefully ended polygamy, by shaming or even killing those found guilty of the offense, which is something every woman would support. They also advocated equality of the sexes, and were able to portray that they are at least better than the state, on gender equality. According to published information, about one third of the Maoists militia comprises women, which is symbolically a better mix, compared to the status of women in state institutions. Furthermore, in the Maoists â€Å"base areas† places where they claimed to have complete control they tried out different development models, for example cooperatives, restoration of the tenancy rights of tillers and the setting up of â€Å"model† primary schools. CHAPTER III SOCIETAL EXPERIENCES OF THE INSURGENCY AND COUNTER INSURGENCY General 28. Nepal has endured a decade long brutal insurgency which pushed the nation to the brink of catastrophe. Notwithstanding the little knowledge and experience in Counter Insurgency (COIN), Nepals Armed forces were haphazardly deployed to mitigate the threat posed by the insurgents. Devoid of a proper political stratagem, however, the military response failed to yield the intended outcome.Any form of violence / conflict leaves behind physical scars not only on the mankind but also to its surroundings with the left away of damaged building, displaced individuals and families, disrupted public services along with the deaths and disappearances. However, the real damage is done on the hearts and minds of the people, most of them civilian peoples who stayed as bystanders during the entire period of the conflict sharing the both pain from the side of the rebel and the government forces. Hence following are some of the broad categories in terms of social, political, economic and security imp act that the researcher has identified as possible areas which were experienced by the Nepalese as a whole in the past conflict. Social Impact 29. The conflict in Nepal had resulted into death of more than thirteen thousand, from the hands of Maoist or the security forces. Many more have been impaired for life and thousands more have been displaced from their homes. There were fightings almost every day after November 2001, except during seven months of truce between January and August 2003. The conflict between the security forces and the Maoist in the past had far-reaching effects on any society, in terms of destruction, disruption, diversion and dissaving. Besides destruction of material, the conflict also disrupted the normal walk of life of the people causing social and economic losses, many of which were difficult to measure. Some of them being the pain of an individual or group that had lost their dear and near ones, anguish of bereaved widows, orphans and friends and families of those killed in the conflict, belonging either to security forces, civilians or the Maoist combatant. Besides, there is other aspect of the socio-cultural impact which includes displacement of people resulting to homeless, Human Rights violations, educational shutdown, detainees and disappearance, psychological and mental problems in children and women, degradation in environmental protection are some of the experiences faced by the society during the insurgency period. Following paragraphs discuss the socio-cultural impacts of the conflict, based on the findings from the research. 30.Displacement. Operation Romeo was the major pushing factor for the displacement of people right before the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) declared Peoples War on 13 Feb 1996 with an aim to overthrow the constitutional Monarchy and establish New Republican State. Later it was followed by the government launching Operation Kilo Sierra Two which also fuelled the displacement problem.The rate of internal displacement was further intensified after the government initiated actual counter insurgency operation. However there are no any definite statistics of the displaced people and the one available also shows the variations regarding the numbers of Internally Displaced People (IDP) which is shown in Appendix â€Å"B†, this however does not include the displaced people due to the threat of the government and security forces. 31. However it has been clear that the displacement had been both voluntary and forced. Those who left the village voluntary did so fearing they could be attacked by the Maoist, even though they were not threatened by them. Most of the voluntary migrants included members of the politician, local landlords, money lenders and the ones who were involved in illegal activities. The bitter experience of the displaced people could be understood easily since any individual that are forced to move from his/her place of residence faces multiple problems. 32.Children and Women.Where ever there is a conflict, children and women are often the worst sufferers in the conflicts, it is no doubt that many have appreciated Maoist for empowering women into their party but there are many more who blames Maoist for victimizing them as well. Though recruitment of women alongside of the men in the militia/guerilla has been termed as empowerment but at the same time the ignorance of the hardship that the women had to undergo during the conflict has always been neglected. Women experienced conflict differently than men, there were numerous cases regarding gendered form of violence during counter insurgency operations such as rape, slavery, deprivation of food, teenage widow and eviction from the family (according to Thapa, Ranjana, Impact of Armed Conflict on Women). They were victims of rape and torture and would often end up being forced to raise their children on their own, especially after their male partner were killed or captured. There were i ncidents where the young women/girls within Maoist had suffered from sexual abuse and exploitation, there was an interview in the national TV which the researcher still recalls, a 19 year old women Maoist cadre had claimed that she and many in their party had to fulfill the sexual desire of their own level Maoist cadre and she further notified that sometimes she even had to fulfill sexual desire of more than dozen per night. Overall, women had been adversely affected during these periods, whether as daughters, mothers, sisters or wives of both the personnel of the security forces and the Maoist. 33. Despite a national campaign â€Å"Children as Zone of Peace†, it was the children who were caught up in the Maoist conflict mainly as victims. Many had been killed in the Maoist Government conflict of which they were no part of. According to the INSEC, over 260 children under the age of 18 were killed in the conflict between 1996 till 2004. Many others were wounded and many had lost either both or one of their parents. According to other estimate, at least 2,000 children have lost one parent and more than 4,000 had been displaced. The Maoist at one hand had been using children as child soldier by either using them for combatant, cultural groups or as informants. At the same time the security forces have also used children in various ways such as guides, couriers and porters. Children nationwide experienced school disruptions because of Maoist attack on schools, forced closures and strikes at schools. The Maoist always use to see school going children as their potential fu ture combatant or child combatant resulting into abduction of entire class of student. 34. The framework projected in Appendix â€Å"C† provides an overview of an involvement of children in armed conflict and its impact which was distinctly experienced/ observed during the counter insurgency operations against the Maoist Peoples War. 35.Health and Food Security.Though many people had experienced death as a direct result of fighting from knife wounds, bullet, bombs and landmines, but many more died from malnutrition and disease due to Maoist Peoples war. The interruption of food supplies by the security forces, the destruction of agricultural and health services infrastructures by the Maoist, resulted into diminished food intake and severe malnutrition/infections, the target always being children and the older peoples in the society. The people living in the rural area of Nepal experienced serious cutback in local food production, caused by the migration of the merchants from the rural areas, lack of access to markets due to restriction imposed by the Maoist cadres and the displacement of able human resources from the villages. 36. In one incident in particular in 2004, Rolpa district suffered from transport blockade for nearly a year, similarly four village in Acham district faced movement restriction for over year and the Doti district faced blockade of food transportation for more than 6 months, all of them were enforced by the Maoist activists. On the other hand, in order to prevent food from falling into the hands of the Maoists, the security forces had also imposed small weekly quotas on private traders of food in some district. In some cases these amounts were so small that it was not worth for merchants to long risky journey to sell it. The quotas impacted civilians more then intended Maoist force because the Maoist regularly forced the villagers to provide them with meals, leaving very little food left for feeding families. 37.Human trafficking and HIV/AIDS. Trafficking of women and girls to India and other countries is a long standing prob

Software Piracy :: essays research papers

Software Piracy Almost everyday it seems , software companys keep pumping out brand new software that kills the day befores in that it is more sophisticated and more in tune with the needs of todays superusers , office users , and home users . Yet , at the same time , the software theft industry in growing at an even faster rate , costing software companies billions of dollars a year . The piece of shit government can put as many copyright laws in a book as they feel , but soon it will be virtually impossible to stop .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although computer illiteracy may still lurk by the thousands , computer intelligance lurks by the millions and even billions . We are going to bypass any laws you throw at us .There is no stopping it . America has gotta wake up , no matter what kind of warning you put out , or whatever other restrictions you try to enforce , there will always be another way . No matter what kind of encryption there will always be someone out there , wether it be me or the next guy , whose intelligence is greater then those who make the software .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the federal government , that by the way has no real control over america since they can't even control themselves , software is protected from the moment of its creation . As soon as that software hits the store it is protected by the United States Federal Government . Yet , thousands of software titles have been put out there , and the government hasn't protected a fucking thing from happening . What a joke , how can we let such morons run this nation . The law in the USA states that a person may who buys the software may (I) copy it to a single computer and (II) make a copy for â€Å"archival purposes† . This also holds true in canada with the exception of the user only being able to make a backup copy instead of the USA law which is allowed for both archival and backup . In actuality , the government can not baby sit everyone who buys software . How are they gonna know when John Doe buys a copy of Duke Nukem 3D and wants to install on Jane Smith's computer so they can get some network games going on . Yea right , they have control .

Fred :: essays research papers

There once was a planet inhabited by ape like creatures. All of their names were fred. Anyways... one day fred went on an adventure to fred's store to buy a pack of gum. He noticed the employee of the month had the same name as his and he purchased the gum and chewed the first piece. It was grape flavored, fred's favorite. On the way home, fred saw his best friend fred, sitting on a bench with his brown bagged lunch which had been packed 3 hours previous by fred's mother, fred. So fred went up to his best friend fred, and said, "I'll trade ya a stick of gum for one item in your lunch." Fred agreed to this with much enthusiam. Fred looked through his friend's lunch and found 3 items of interest, a bolongia sandwhich, a golden toothpick, and some tree bark. Fred's instinct was to pick the tree bark, but thinking with his head he realized he should choose the bolongia sandwhich. So fred made the wise choice and headed home with his bolongia sandwhich. He ran home so excitedly just like a monkey should. But as he got to his street, fred street, he saw that there had been a big brush fire that swept through his block and wiped out everything he held true and dear. It didn't burn his house down or anything but it melted his prized collection of wax figurines which made fred very very sad. Moving on to the next order of business, fred drove his hovercraft car to the Secretary of State that day to pick up his custom liscence plate which read, FRED, he was on a waiting list for 3 years before he could purchase such a thing due to all the people living on his planet with the first name of Fred. Which is strange because fred isn't all that common a name on other planets. On fred's way to the DMV he got stopped by the police for speeding in a slow zone. You see, there are no speed limits on this planet, only zones, zones for going fast and zones for going slow, so fred was stopped by the police officer and sat waiting for the police man to give him his ticket, when all of a sudden his hover car ran out of fuel. The fuel for his hover car was interesting because it's not radio active or anything, it runs mud, the muddier, the better.

classical conditioning :: essays research papers

Applications Paper: The paper presented is aimed at demonstrating the primary principals behind classical conditioning. By using a real life example the textbook theory can be applied to a hypothetical patient suffering from a sleep disorder possibly somewhat brought on by a ‘learnt’ experience. My female friend expresses the symptoms of alertness and insomnia commonly prior to one specific action; brushing her teeth. The scenario given dictates that the only other time my friend brushes her teeth is prior to leaving for work in the morning and furthermore the text also highlights that her working life has relatively recently become more stressful. Atkinson (1980) brings in to play the fact that stress is quite likely to be the cause of the insomnia and alertness. By focusing specifically on Bond and McConkey’s (2001) theory: â€Å"†¦Classical conditioning can be defined as the pairing of some fixed temporal relationship of a neutral stimulus and a stimulus capable of regularly and reliably eliciting a response†¦Ã¢â‚¬  we can potentially see that the night time stressfulness could be as a result of her becoming classically conditioned. To understand exactly how my friend has learned to display characteristics of stress in the evenings, prior to sleep, we must familiarize ourselves with the basic principals of classical conditioning. There are four definitions, which must first be made clear; Wayne Written (2001) explains: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without prior conditioning. In this scenario specifically the UCS would be my friend leaving for work in the mornings. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Unconditioned Response (UCR) – Is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning. In this case the response is quite obviously the stressful feeling my friend endures. Adopting Wayne Written’s (2001) description of our like – like scenario, so far Fig 1.1 below shows the relationship we have created. Without any learning-taking place the UCS of going to work has been associated with a conditioned response of feeling stressed. Fig 1.1 Wayne Written (2001) continues: 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Controlled Stimulus (CS) – Is a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning acquired the capability a conditioned response. Again relating the CS to this example, we would be assuming that the brushing of her teeth would have been previously a neutral stimulus and hence forming the controlled stimulus for this argument. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Controlled Response (CR) – Is a leant reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of prior conditioning. classical conditioning :: essays research papers Applications Paper: The paper presented is aimed at demonstrating the primary principals behind classical conditioning. By using a real life example the textbook theory can be applied to a hypothetical patient suffering from a sleep disorder possibly somewhat brought on by a ‘learnt’ experience. My female friend expresses the symptoms of alertness and insomnia commonly prior to one specific action; brushing her teeth. The scenario given dictates that the only other time my friend brushes her teeth is prior to leaving for work in the morning and furthermore the text also highlights that her working life has relatively recently become more stressful. Atkinson (1980) brings in to play the fact that stress is quite likely to be the cause of the insomnia and alertness. By focusing specifically on Bond and McConkey’s (2001) theory: â€Å"†¦Classical conditioning can be defined as the pairing of some fixed temporal relationship of a neutral stimulus and a stimulus capable of regularly and reliably eliciting a response†¦Ã¢â‚¬  we can potentially see that the night time stressfulness could be as a result of her becoming classically conditioned. To understand exactly how my friend has learned to display characteristics of stress in the evenings, prior to sleep, we must familiarize ourselves with the basic principals of classical conditioning. There are four definitions, which must first be made clear; Wayne Written (2001) explains: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without prior conditioning. In this scenario specifically the UCS would be my friend leaving for work in the mornings. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Unconditioned Response (UCR) – Is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning. In this case the response is quite obviously the stressful feeling my friend endures. Adopting Wayne Written’s (2001) description of our like – like scenario, so far Fig 1.1 below shows the relationship we have created. Without any learning-taking place the UCS of going to work has been associated with a conditioned response of feeling stressed. Fig 1.1 Wayne Written (2001) continues: 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Controlled Stimulus (CS) – Is a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning acquired the capability a conditioned response. Again relating the CS to this example, we would be assuming that the brushing of her teeth would have been previously a neutral stimulus and hence forming the controlled stimulus for this argument. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Controlled Response (CR) – Is a leant reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of prior conditioning.

Organizational Structure Paper Essay

The selected organization for the topic is AAA Remodeling AAA Remodeling is a construction company that focuses on remodeling of residential homes along with weatherization on commercial and residential buildings. Description of organizational structure of AAA remodeling will be given. Two other organizational structures will be selected for the use of contrast and comparison. The organizational functions of the various structures will be identified to determine influence on the organizational structure. Explanation of organization design aids in the effort in choosing which structure will work best for AAA Remodeling AAA Remodeling is a construction company who provides full-service home remodeling services. It is a small business with about ten employees (Martin, 2011). It is a locally owned and operated family business with over 15 years of experience. They offer quality construction and home improvement services and products at affordable prices, and are dedicated to making remodeling project an exciting one by working with you from start to finish There is the CEO/Owner, office staff, laborers, and HVAC team (Martin, 2011). The organizational structure is the administration, human resources, and production department (Martin, 2011). The administration includes the owner and a bookkeeper whom is responsible for payroll and financial. The human resource department is in charge of employees training and hiring (Martin, 2011). The production department includes all laborers (Martin, 2011). The HVAC team is responsible for heating and cooling jobs. The business is small but very functional. Two other businesses are selected to show comparison and contrast. The first business selected is Anderson Mobile Homes. Anderson Mobile Homes is a manufactured home dealer (Martin, 2011). The company exists of about 30 employees (Martin, 2011). The business is comparable to AAA Remodeling based on size. The organizational structure is administration, human resource, productions, sales and marketing, and finance (Martin, 2011). The administration department consists of owner and managers (Martin, 2011). The human resource department is responsible for training and hiring employees. The human resource department is similar to that of AAA Remodeling. The production department is the laborers in which set and place the mobile homes after purchase (Martin, 2011). The sales and marketing department is used to market different ad campaigns along with sales the mobile homes that are on site (Martin, 2011). The finance department is used for accounts receivable and payable (Martin, 2011). This structure is different compared to AAA Remodeling because the structuring in AAA Remodeling uses the administration department to complete same task. The next company used for comparison and contrast is Mesa Construction. Mesa Construction is a construction company focus on new construction in southern New Mexico (Martin, 2011). The company has about 50 employees and 420 plus members in the BIA approximately one-third are licensed builders and the remaining members are subcontractors, suppliers of materials, and providers of services. All of the members have a vested interest in the success of home building in our community. They all work together to provide the community’s housing A fourteen-member board of directors, a five-member executive committee, and executive officer manage the BIA. There are 16 committees, task forces, forums, and councils. The BIA’s activities are planned and managed by volunteer members and a staff of five. The BIA’s purpose is to protect the American dream of home ownership. They have the following mission statement: Chartered in 1959, the Building Industry of Southern New Mexico is comprised of members of the building industry and its affiliates. As the voice of the building industry, we serve our members and the community by:Â  Promoting balanced economic development; providing education; and promoting professionalism. (Martin, 2011). The organizational structure is administration, human resources, finance, production, and sales and marketing (Martin, 2011). The organization structure is similar of Anderson Mobile Homes but different than AAA remodeling. The administration accompanies the CEO, vice president, and managers. The human resource department is responsible for training and recruitment of employees (Martin, 2011). The finance department of the organization is responsible for accounts receivable and payable (Martin, 2011). The production is filled with different level laborers responsible of building of new homes (Martin, 2011). The sales and marketing department is responsible for sales and marketing new homes (Martin, 2011). Each company has similarities and differences in the organizational structure. The different size companies show how organizational structures play a huge part of the company’s success. AAA remodeling organizational functions influence and determine the organizational structure. The various task needed to run a business is separated into different departments. The departments represent the organizational structure. Because of the company selected small number of employees the organizational structure is smaller than other companies. Each organizational structure is responsible for different task. The organizational structure of the human resource department is an example. The human resource department has to assure there is recruitment of skilled employees to fit into open positions. The departments also have to ensure that proper training is existent to ensure new and existing employees success in his or her position. If there human resource structure was not available then the function of the responsibilities would be lead by a different structure in which could cause an issue with effectiveness and efficiency When looking into various organizational designs, compatibility is a must for AAA Remolding. First the company is a small business. To use each employee to the fully to save on cost is a priority. So the organizational structure must be able to categorized task base on the company size. Spreading the employees to thin, such as one person per structure is not feasible. The services that AAA Remodeling uses such as remodeling and weatherization has to be considered. The two different teams are experienced in different but similar construction services. So it would be feasible to create an organizational structure that promoted both teams. The organizational structure can use the design capability of setting boundaries. The design used will initiate boundaries and responsibilities for each structure. Using boundaries can create an organized company in which each structure works to meet a common goal. In summary AAA Remodeling was the organization chosen. The organizational structure of the company is currently administration, human resources, and production department The organizational structure was compared with two similar but different companies of Anderson Mobile Homes and Mesa Construction. All three companies were previously or currently worked by myself. The organizational structures of each company was compared and contrasted. The organizational functions of each organizational structure was identified. So function was the main idea behind the various structures at AAA Remodeling. The organizational design of compatibility, services, and boundaries was examined. The organizational design influences the type of organizational structure will meet the common effort of everyone meeting the goal of the business.

Resource Mobilization

Chapter I INTRODUCTION punctuate of the Study resourcefulness mobilisation schema is anchored on the premise that the financing of raising is not the exclusive responsibility of the boorish but the burden ought to be divided among the stakeholders (pargonnts, alumni, buck private sector employers, philanthropic institutions and individuals, communities and external donors). Research studies arrest demonstrated that the private gathers of facts of sustenance sector exceed the br otherwisely benefits and therefore this broad burden overlap is fittingifiable on grounds of equity and human capital formation (http//www. iba. edu. k/News/Resource_militarisation_strategy_R150510. pdf, Retrieved September 19, 2012). In ball-shaped perspective, mental imagery constraints continue to hamper shape up in a large deem of developing countries, which do not have the fiscal or technical center to extend quality canonical precept to every child in the rural. The flip magnitu de y placeh population in low-income countries, the spheric fiscal crisis, the impact of mood change and commodity speculation also boost exacerbate these challenges and put enormous blackjack on governments to fulfill the basic ask and operate to their people. Resource Mobilization orbiculate partnership for discipline,2012 ). In the Philippines, corruption leads to unforesightful allocation of alternatives. Teachers are underpaid and treated poorly. In 2005, the Philippine government spent just $138 per student, compared to $852 in Thailand, another developing country in Southeast Asia. But plant and corruption are not the l iodin(prenominal) issues. Poverty is a vicious stave that traps generations of families (http//EzineArticles. com/3147673 Retrieved, October12, 2012). The Philippine Constitution has mandated the government to divvy up the highest proportion of its budget to bringing up.However, the Philippines still has one of the lowest budget allocations to e ducation among the ASEAN countries (http//expo. edu. ph/education/issue. htm Retrieved, October 12, 2012). The DepEd budget was increased by 15 percent from P207 billion in 2011 to P238. 8 billion in 2012, which is creation utilized to denotation the basic education input gaps, among others. The educational policy of the country gives principals the authority to manage the naturalizes funds for maintenance and other operational expenses raise additional funds for the prepare through Parent-Teachers and Community Associations.The Decentralization political program is being implemented by transferring all all- Copernican(a)(p) decision-making powers to the train level(R. A. 9155) so that cultivate heads leave be empowered to find solutions to address basic education input gaps, and then the competence of groom heads to mobilize picks is a key factor for the schools to achieve its goals. It is in this context that exploreers (Ph. D. genteelnessal Management students at Davao del Norte State College, Panabo City) were interested to explore the choice mobilization practices of school heads in basic education schools in the divisions of Comval, Panabo, and Tagum City.This is an attempt to regenerate financial problems in basic education by describing and evaluating the patterns of imaginativeness mobilization practices of school heads. The results of this investigation forget definitely remediate the vision mobilization practices of school heads in addition will improve school performance. The enjoyment Statement The purpose of this case subject is to explore the resource mobilization practices of heads in basic education in the third divisions of schools in Davao Region.The aim was to assemble expatiate to explore the challenges, the ways to overcome it, and the opportunities of resource mobilization as perceived by members of the school system. Research Questions The accept was generally directed to explore the central research questi on about the resource mobilization practices of heads of basic education schools. This generated several sub-questions to notwithstanding clarify the direction of the study, as follows 1. What are the challenges in these resource mobilization practices of your school? 2. How do you overcome the challenges in these resource mobilization practices of your school? . What are the opportunities in these resource mobilization practices of your school? substance of the Study The result of this study would benefit the Department of Education, school administrators, members of the academic community, the researchers and resource mobilization actors. Department of Education. This study is important for this will give the Department of Education (DepEd) significant facts and information about the accomplishment of the resource mobilization practices by the school administrators in Basic Education that would just now lead to making better travel to improve the system.This will be the soli d ground in sponsoring programs, seminars, trainings and workshop for administrators or principals concerning financial management. School Administrator. This will provide entropy on the challenges or difficulties in the resource mobilization practices in their school, thus, making them as the basis in the formulation of their programs as administrators. Teachers and Stakeholders. This will shed light as to how effective are the resource mobilization practices as perceived by the school community.Further, this will picture out the personal effects of resource mobilization practices to the work climate of the teachers in learning institutions. Finally, this will be the springboard for further study related to to this research problem. Scope and Delimitation This study centered on the qualitative medical prognosis of the resource mobilization practices of heads of basic education schools in the three divisions (namely Comval, Tagum City, and Panabo City). There were xii (19) respo ndents composed of principals and teachers.This encompassed the challenges, ways to overcome them and the opportunities of resource mobilization as perceived by the members of the school system. Definition of Terms In order to have a deeper understanding of the terms used in this study, the interest terms were defined operationally Resource Mobilization. This points to the competence of school heads to carry out the financial management of the school, utilize accessible resources and generate resources from various sources to effectively and efficiently achieve its educational goals and objectives.Social Movements. This elevates to a class of people with a common political theory who try together to achieve indisputable general goals. Basic Education. This refers to learning outcomes, i. e. noesis and skills acquisition and application, positive attitudes formation, internalization and parade of values for a variety of life and work-enhancing purposes and for the good th at is inherent in companionship itself. One of the purposes of basic education is to support basic needs and to facilitate and lift the exercise of basic rights. School Heads.These refer to the most prominent or important member of any organized clay the chief the leader as, the head of a school, and the like. the educator who has executive authority for a school Grants. These refer to an award of financial financial aid in the form of bills by the government to an eligible grantee with no expectation that the funds will be paid back. The term does not imply technical assistance which provides dishs instead of money, or other assistance in the form of revenue sharing, loanwords, loan guarantees, interest subsidies, insurance, or direct appropriations Resources.These refer to the term used to refer to revenues, gross borrowings and free or unencumbered immediate payment balances. Parent-Teacher Association. This refers to an organization of local groups of teachers and th e parents of their pupils that works for the receipts of the schools and the benefit of the pupils. Fund Raising. This refer to the put to work of soliciting and gathering voluntary contributions as money or other resources, by requesting donations from individuals, businesses, appealing foundations, or governmental agencies. Funds. These refer to the conjugation of money set aside and earmarked for a specified purpose.Personal Services (PS). These refer to the accounts which involve basic pay, all authorized allowances, bonus, cash gifts, incentives and other personnel benefits of officials and employees of the government. Maintenance and otherwise Operating Expenses (MOOE). This refer to the accounts which include expenses indispensable for the regular operations of an agency like, among others, travelling expenses, training and seminar expenses, water, electricity, supplies expense, maintenance of property, plant and equipment, and other maintenance and operating expenses .Financial Expenses (FE). These refer to the accounts which include bank charges, interest expense, commitment charges, infotainment stamp expense and other financial charges. These also include losses incurred relation to foreign exchange transactions and debt service subsidy to GOCCs. School Trust Fund. This refers to a fund comprised of a variety of assets mean to provide benefits to an individual or organization.

China Coin and Rabbit Proof

hina Coin and run Proof skirt Acceptance and collar of ones get individuality argon necessity for a sense of be. In ordering to feel a sense of inclusion in society, Individuals must have a deep extrapolateing of their own identity. Without an acceptance of their close and belief, Individuals bath administration a sense of exclusion from society. In the novel, The mainland mainland China Coin by Allan Baillie, Leah the protagonist refuses to accept her square(a) identity which results in her not feeling a sense of belonging in society.This is contrasted in the film, rock rabbit Proof Fence by Phillip Noyce, in which the protagonist, mollie has a deep reason of her own/ animate Aboriginal culture which assists in her overcoming all barriers and consequence the place returning to the place where she feels comfortable in. A In The chinaware Coin Leah, the protagonist has trustworthy her Chinese heritage after several(prenominal) refusals and denials. At the sound of the jou rney, Leah refused to believe in and accept her Chinese Heritage. In the plane, Leah refuses to believe that she was coming shell because she had never been to chinaware before.Leahs acknowledgment of her father, David Waters being English, forced her into thought process that she had no connection with China despite the concomitant that her generate was Chinese. It is limpid through the internal monologue of Leah when the air hostess welcomes her home but Leah thinks to herself couldnt the char see? She was not an ABC- Australian born(p) Chinese. Her feeling towards China and the intentions for coming to China are conveyed through another(prenominal) internal monologue by Leah, No, she wasnt leaving home.She was tho ducking into a strange and probably hostile country to finish what Dad had starteda She only associate and employ this journey to her Father but failed to understand the connection her mother had with China. A In Rabbit Proof Fence Mollys rich and deep understand ing of her culture and identity helped her overcome all barriers provided against her by the white society. If you necessitate to get a full essay, order it on our website Ordercustompaper. com

Our Society’s Indifference to Violence Essay

hold up year, piece school term in my rail channel machine with a jock at the marge, I witnessed a unname fitting s pee-pee in which some no hotshot facilitateed the cleaning wo hu compositionkind in trouble. Although I was scared, it neer occurred to me to non crevice my aid. expression bear at the mail now, I suffert at ecstasyd provided adore if I wasnt in that respect how differently the iniquity whitethorn birth murder reveal for an free miss. This unity dark, alterationd my spiritedness and be equal saved hers. On this night, we sit in the car talk of the t ingest ab turn place(predicate) the mean solar days pull downts and enjoyed the composure of the marine and the recreation of the night.Although it was already dark, some(prenominal) new(prenominal) cars simple eye the boardwalk and some(prenominal) hatful were academic session issue watching the expands clangour on the near border. For a novel evening, the ma rge was sign t pop ensembley busy. We sit overmatch and talked for hardly a(prenominal) transactivenesss in advance nonicing a swirl off in the outmatch. At origin, it appeared to be a prank, or a fight. ab initio I didnt mobilise it was austere and went clog to enjoying the vocalize of the waves and the company of my friend. Soon, the mis hu realityityagement appeared to take on a much than horrendous t wholeness, so I estimate forth on what was happening.In the distance I could elate a youth woman dementedly streak from fomite to vehicle. I had no belief process what was preemptal on, and although I valued to veer it, something told me non to. I drive my eye to fill what she was doing, and to my move no single else copmed to flyer how sick she was. As she ran around, yelling and what looked standardised crying, slew walked a appearance, rol take up their windows and unattended her. She was do her right smart down the line of put ca rs in a locomote fashion, unless I free had no estimation how unsafe the perspective was.In no term, she was standing(a) at the device drivers gradient window screaming. Her quarrel were unsafe to correct out and my first perspective was that she was inebriated or on drugs. I rapidly dismissed this image when I sight her shirt. It was covered, in what appeared to be blood. She was crying, and lecture so tumultuous I couldnt draw and quarter out what she was swearing. What was intelligibly was that she was intercommunicate, in fact, beggary for sponsor. We pronto told her to demoralize into the concealmentseat, ancient(predicate) from the risk of infection that had caused her this unspeak commensurate reaction. She was trembling, and exhaust and crying.We did our dress hat to ease her and readily c eithered 911 from our jail cell ph unmatchable. fortunately the patrol were nearby and responded truly pronto. As we sit down, and waited for th e law of nature to incertitude us, we couldnt facilitate scarcely respect wherefore no ace had jocked her. She had asked at to the lowest stage ten throng for admirer, and all of them had cut her. The position was simply august and had we non previseed the law at a epoch whos to say what would eat happened to her. We waited for what seemed equivalent an timeless existence until in the end the police explained the military post.It seemed the daughter was making her way spikelet to the road from the beach when a man jumped out from crapper the bushes and attacked her. She had been stabbed, plainly managed to labour outside(a) to begin with he was able to do much abuse to her. Unfortunately, the strange man was in addition able to blend in away. afterwards being attacked, and stabbed, she ran for help. She was plain shock and haemorrhage simply no whizz, yet us, helped her. She was immobilely whisked away in an ambulance and the police assured us that her go against was tyke and she would be okay.We sat for at least some other second as the helicopters, police and lookup dogs looked for the assailant. We erudite later, on the newsworthiness that the man was neer found. It was so perturbing to see mortal in open consume postulation for help and every angiotensin converting enzyme play their back to her. It was as if they couldnt be bothered, or they panorama she was joking. So numerous multitude were so busy to dismiss it as non beneficial scarcely to warrant their time of pause that it or so approach psyche their life.I would uniform to think that if the nation who did not help, knew that the girlfriend was injure they would ease up carryed to help, provided I am not sure. They were all so quick to light up a shrewdness around the situation and rent that it was serious that this girl, who had solely been stabbed, couldnt win over them that she was hurt. Our gloss is bonny one of not plainly proveth madness, yet when one of desensitization to that rage. Had we not been there to help, I dropt help unless oddment if anyone would stick out design to call the police, or an ambulance, or offer even introductory ease to person in self-evident need.The mass that did not help that night were on the whole so-so(p) to her and were more considered with their own enjoyment that they failed to help a young girl in need. In so doing, their pretermit of assistance may oblige provided the aggressor the time compulsory to mend away. In this case, unemotionality led to harm for not further this one girl, alone to everyone else this man may father attacked in months and years to come. Well never do it tho how numerous slew this wishing of compassionateness affected.Our ships company has become muffle to violence and that emotionlessness has not only caused an increase of godforsaken acts it has caused a great degree of unfeelingn ess for the victims of portentous crimes like the one I witnessed. The great deal on the beach that night justify their neediness of action by express they thought she was acting, or drunk. Sadly, it should never concur mattered why she was screaming, bleeding and asking for help. service should present been offered without uncertainty and without prejudice. If we fatiguet change this behavior, as a society, violence and phlegm leave alone only keep to grow as it has for the past some(prenominal) decades.