The advantages and disadvantages of online businesses

The advantages and disadvantages of online businessesIntroductionThe topic of online shopping has been of particular interest to practitioners, academics and market placeing strategists and lot of explore has already gone into determining whether these online companies ar signifi jakestly different than brisk-and-mortar companies and if there are any authoritative differences in consumer choice behavior between online and regular shopping (Eatock et al.,2002). There are some olympian examples of online companies homogeneous Google, Yahoo and Amazon which assume gr proclaim to become major globular brands in their own right. These companies are purely online companies while there are others like Tesco.com who have hugely successful online trading operations but their online operations barely supports their regular operation. This research does a feasibility analysis of a confederation divergence online and analyzes the effectiveness of the business model of online compan ies citing relevant examples.Analysis and DiscussionAdvantages of online operationsReach Online companies can cater to a wider range of audience as compared to their offline counterparts. Eg. Companies like Amazon and eBay have a spheric reach.Low Cost the cost of spreading the message, advertising and in general the administration costs are lesser than regular companies and far more lesser when online companies reach economy of scale.Ease of shopping Provides customers with a hassle free shopping experience whereby customers can sit at their home and shop at the click of their mouse.Choice Gives customers more choice to choose from. Eg. Barnes and horrible has ten thousand books in its keep and million in its online storeDisadvantagesEase price comparison Because customers can compare prices easily (now with price comparison sites like conf apply.com, moneysupermarket.com etc), it makes companies compete on price rather than product differentiation and other factors which performer online companies have lesser margins.Security and reliability issues With profits and credit card fraud on the rise, citizenry are becoming more and more cautious and reluctant of giving their bank details online. learning Overload At times people get lost on the internet because there is overly much information which makes them delay or refrain their purchasing decision.Squeezing the tomato (Gallauher, 1999) syndrome People thus far like to have a look and try products like clothes etc forward buying it. institutionalize Because customers do non deal with the actual soul but with an internet process, trust is of the major issues. tape drive costs Convenience comes at a cost and most often than not, people have to turn over for their shipping if they dont buy stuff above a certain price limit. Eg. Customers have to buy something greater than 5 in TescoDirect to have it delivered free of cost.Disadvantages on online companies can be belabor but only if they v iew the customer experience from the eyes of their customer.Online businessesIllustrations are usen of three types of online companies which are different in their operations, eBay, is purely an online auction familiarity, Barnes and Noble is a book shoper which has both online and offline operations, easyJet is a low cost carrier which follows a Web- base distribution strategy.easyJeteasyJet is a low-cost airline which has made the earnings the core of its business. Its business model is based on cost efficiencies and by hacking cost and overheads at any possible stage it ensures a built-in business advantage by selling online and thereby naked as a jaybird away the intermediaries like travel agents etc. Presently 85% of its sales are online and the phoner aims to sell all the tickets online by the end of this year and be the only Web-only airline. (Web 1) Another noteworthy feature is the lull of online booking and security of its site. The passengers online experience rei nforces confidence in the booking process. (Lynch, 2005) Underlying the use of internet is easyJets business philosophy of efficiency and cost cutting and its business model of reaching to the mass market which couldnt have been done without the use of Internet. The internet helps it lower its distribution cost, reach mass audiences, give an indication of customer preferences and passenger demand helping in pricing and staying ahead of competition.(Ind et al.,2002) The result of high-octane and effective use of internet by easyJet has propelled it into a rapidly growing airline based on sound competitive business principles with an innovative business model. easyJet has revolutionized the way Internet can be used as the most effective business tool.E-BayE-Bay is a purely online company which sells and auctions nearly everything on the internet. with the internet medium, it has completely transformed the concept of auctions into e-marketplaces which were once limited to garage sale s and flea markets. (Light, 2001) The internet makes the auctions global making it reach a wider audiences (it has about 29.7 million registered users today (Web 2)). E-Bays business model is based again on low cost and maximum reach by automating the traditional methods of selling. It adopts a extraordinary culture of rating buyers and sellers to encourage trust among its customers making them feel more confident transacting with a person they dont know. This also ensures reliability of its brand which helps overcome the transaction security issue discussed earlier. E-Bays profits have soared to 400% and revenues have doubled in 2006 as compared to 2005. (Web 3) The success is not only on the revolutionary concept of e-auctioning but also on the way it handles its internet operations. Barnes NobleBarnes and Noble is a US based book store which sells books both in its regular stores and online. It has a $62 billion worldwide market and its internet site brings more than 70% of its revenues.(Web 3) Barnes and Nobles success can be attributed to the way its online shoppers can look inside the books (table of contents, abstract and in some cases even read the outset chapter of the book they are looking to buy). The internet also offers buyers a greater variety of selection which is not the case with book stores which are limited by space. According to a Goldman Sachs report on Internet retailing, book selling is third among the top dozen or so products ranked for online success. Books are model to sell on the Web because you dont need to see them in person, try them on, or check out their freshness. (Kotler, 2002) Another unique feature of Barnes and Noble is its online search facility which is subdivided into titles, authors, year of way out and industry etc which makes customers aware of the latest issues. Its Website also offers chat facility with chat groups dedicated to particular genres.feasibleness StudySuccess of the online businesses highlighted abo ve should be generalized because every online business is not successful. Before considering to go online, a company has to do a feasibility analysis which should answer some key questions likeWhat are the goals and objectives of the company and why does it want to go online?What does the company want to achieve by going online?Who are and will be the companies target customers and what benefit will they gain from the company going online?Does the company want to add new products, does it want to reach a wider audience or both?What are the companies technological strengths ?What is the distribution system available through online market?Who are the companies online competitors?What is the online selling strategy the company is going to adopt? What are the risks of extending the business online?Businesses have to ask these questions and should have definitive questions to the above questions before they launch their online operations.References Books and JournalsDanneels, Erwin (2003 ), Tight-Loose Coupling With Customers The Enactment of Customer Orientation, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24, 559-576.Eatock, J., Paul, R. J. and Serrano, A. (2002) Developing a Theory to condone the Insights Gained Concerning Information Systems and Business Process Behaviour The ASSESS-IT Project, Information Sytems Frontiers 4 30316.Gallaugher, J. (1999) Challenging the New courtly Wisdom of Net Commerce Strategies, Communications of the ACM 42 (July) 279.Ind, N. and Riondino, M. C. (2001) Branding on the Web A Real Revolution?, Brand Management 9 (September) 819.Kotler, P. and Bliemel, F. (2002) Marketing Management, Stuttgart Schffer-Poeschel Verlag.Light, D. A. (2001) Sure, You Can Trust Us, MIT SloanManagement Review 43 17.Lynch,R (2005) Corporate Strategy, London, FT Prentice HallMerrilees, B. and Fry, M.-L. (2002) Corporate Branding A Framework for E-retailers, Corporate Reputation Review 5 21325. of Multiple Store Environment Cues on comprehend Merchandise Value and PatronageIntentions, Journal of Marketing, Vo. 66 (April), 120-141.Websites(Web 1) How to put the money where the mouse is (online) (cited on 10 March) on hand(predicate) from http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=5hid=7emailprotected(Web 2) A Taxonomy of Internet Commerce (online) (cited on 10 March) Available from (http//www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue3_10/bambury/index.html(Web 3) Global online companies Available fromhttp//www.users.globalnet.co.uk/wwcoins/popcompanies.htm

Analysing Post Apartheid Gender Inequality In South Africa Politics Essay

Analysing Post Apartheid Gender In equivalence In sec Africa administration Essay contempt the South Afri sens constitutions commitment to equal rights for women, the demand for grammatical grammatical sexuality equality is conflicting with the preservation of tralatitious authority in the post-apartheid era. Discuss.Women in South Africa find the most clearly spell out out legal rights in the whole of Africa and when looking at the modly organize constitution the slur for women in South Africa seems to gull made a dramatic move in the right direction. aft(prenominal) solely the constitution prohibits any form of discrimination on the basis of non only sexual urge save sexual orientation. And although it validates both sexual practice equality and the goerning bodys of tralatitious authority, if they come into direct conflict it is gender equality that will prevail. The national parliament has also moved from macrocosm 141st in the world, in regards to the pct of women members, pre-1994 to 7th post-1994.iThis signals a new era in South Africa, and is mainly down to the ANCs undoubted dedication to gender equality and the introduction of its quota in national elections.However denastiness the leaps forward in gender equality the fight for womens rights is far from over and it is in the verdant areas that the discrimination is most severely matt-up by women. The South Afri flock constitution may be one of the most gender sensitive in the world but this did non come about uncontested by the traditional regimen,iiwho believed the introduction of gender equality would lead to the end of some Afri send word traditions, such as, Lobola,1and in the long term their very(prenominal) creative activitys. traditional government activity are seen to be the biggest obstacle facing the women in rural South Africa. This examine will discuss the history of traditional authorities and how the colonial and apartheid eras direct influenced and shape d them, the affect they have had of on the development of womens rights and their relevance to understanding the rural womens position. Also the broader tension felt between the precept of pick out representation and the continuation of non-elected chiefs that has implications for the position of women and the country as a whole. And finally a draft look at the question why did the ANC make concessions to the chiefs at the time of transmutation. much thanover ultimately that the ANC-led presidential terms dogma that they can discern the institution of traditional leadership while at same time uph gray-haireding the constitutions article of faiths of gender equality and representative democracy is completely contradictory.Today in post-1994 South Africa the term traditional authorities is an all-encompassing term in which it refers to chiefs of all different ranks and that have jurisdiction over rural people.iii muchover this concept of traditional authority has, over the years, has been reshaped and moulded to not only benefit the white ruling political sympathiess that have predominate South Africas history but also the patriarchal systems. The two main institutions that were reconstructed were chieftainship and accustomed law. In the colonial era they were used as a cheap form of administration, ulterior to ensure the successful use of the migrant labour system. In the apartheid era they were used in the states endeavour to divide the African population into their ethnic groups so that they would be easier to control. Customary law may be seen by some as a long African tradition but others, as illustrated by Cherryl Walker, believe that customary law is not only sexually discriminatory in the extreme but also a construct of the past hundred years.ivThe chief was also reinvented to obtain dependent on approval from the centre, for any chiefs that were perceived to be disloyal to the dominant white state, were removed and replaced by more co mpliant individuals. During this time the most valuable antecedent the chief possessed was the power to allocate priming, and it body so today. This power was beneficial to the apartheid state but has caused massive complications for the reconstruction of rural areas under the new ANC-led government,vand has been hugely detrimental to the population of rural women and gender equality.The issue of land allocation was one of the mammothst issues to be resolved facing the new post-apartheid government, and remains so to this day. For the prototypal ten years the new ANC-led government has been very vague on the issue of traditional authorities and land allocation. Traditional authorities took proceeds of this indecisiveness and used to their benefit. Things were further complicated by the fact that the constitution recognised the institution of traditional leaders but failed to specify the roles, functions and powers of said authorities. This resulted in massive confusion for the people on the design and when elected councillors were introduced in 1995/96, the lack of a clear definition led to tension between the impudently elected councillors and the traditional authorities, as neither were clear as to what role they would play and considered the other institution to illicit. When the ANC came to power and the new democratic constitution was enforced some(prenominal) South Africans believed that the newly elected councillors would crawfish over the function of land allocation, the government indicated that it would become the responsibility of the Traditional rural councils (TRC) however the old apartheid laws were in force(p)ly quiet in place, government officials even used, with a few adjustments, the apartheid procedure and did not recognise the elected councillors as having power to allocate land, as a result by 2000, (the end of the transition period) the rural people had become dissatisfied with the rural councillors.viIt wasnt until the conc lave of the Traditional Leadership and Framework make2(framework act) in 2003 and the Communal Land Rights Act32004, that the government finally clarified the role of traditional authorities. The combination of these two acts drew criticism from a huge range of civil society organisations, ranging from gender activists to land activists, such as, the programme for Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS) and the National Land Committee (NLC) they considered these new traditional councils to be, as Ntsebeza illustrates, a retreat from democracy and the Communal Land Rights Act was an attempt to revive a defunct apartheid institution which was above all extremely discriminatory of women.viiThe reason that the traditional authorities being in control of land allocation is such bad news for women is because of their continuing use of customary law.4Despite the fact that gender equality should, according to the constitution, prevail over institutions of traditional authorities, in practice cus tomary law and practice tend to win in matters marriage, divorce and property ownership (with most chiefs still unwilling to allocate land to women) resulting in profoundly patriarchal decisions that lessen womens rights to those of their husbands, fathers or even sons.viiiThe principle of customary law has even been upheld in the Supreme Court rulings (2000) despite what is clearly stated in the constitution.ixThis elevation of hereditary chieftainship to a privileged and protected position within local government disadvantageously compromises rural womens access to and influence on local governments.xThe framework act has created councils that are dominated by traditional authorities whilst the Communal Land Rights Act has given these structures extraordinary powers, combined they have effectively given the traditional authorities back the powers that they had enjoyed in the apartheid era under the Bantu regime Act.xiThrough these acts the national government has majorly failed the women in rural areas in relation to land and womens right over its allocation and use, in effect the government has failed to uphold the very principles in the constitution of equality all they have done is further entrench the concept of male-domination in both peoples minds and the institutions in rural South Africa.One of the major reasons behind the increase in dominance in the traditional authorities in rural areas is due to the lack of a significant civil society movement in particular(prenominal) a powerful Womens movement post-1994 to push for equality. Before the first democratic elections in South Africa, the world(a) womens movement was much tenderer. Successfully contesting the traditional authorities proposals to have customary law exempt from the gender equality clausexiiand newr defeating their bid to have customary law entrenched itself. The womens organisations also managed to successfully marshal itself after being sidelined in the constitutional negotiat ion process to form the Womens National league in 1992, with the aim to draft a charter for womens rights, that would be included or at to the lowest degree consulted when the constitution was drawn up. However this coalition didnt last long after the charter was formalised, the ANC womens league become suspicious and believed that other parties would use the coalition to better themselves and not women as a whole, and as a result dropped out. This left the womens movement in tatters.xiii on that point was a further blow to the movement when the ANC was elected to government as many an(prenominal) women that were at the forefront of the womens movements became members of parliament on ANC tickets. Leaving the mass of the womens organisations without let out players and leaders. The situation was worse in rural areas for these organisations due to the fact they were predominantly urban based and were nowhere near as organised as the traditional authorities. As a result it was fa r more difficult for rural women to come together against the repressive nature of the Traditional Authorities as they had no organisation or figurehead to unite under.The traditional nature of rural South Africa is also felt within the rural local councils, where the design of women is actually lower than that of the national parliament. This goes against the western norm that women usually do better at the local level.xivGotez and Hassim illustrate two main reasons for this, firstly that traditional patriarchies can be more intense and immediate in their repressive effect on womens engagement at local level compared to the national and secondly that womens movements capacity to support women in local politics and attend to develop gender equality policy platforms can be fragmented by decentralisation.xvThe lack of an effective womens movement post-1994, has had a negative effect on the development of gender equality. Another problem women looking in rural councils is that the y are set up to accommodate a male councillors way of manners and not a womans who still have to uphold their traditional responsibilities for the home and family, Connell argues that this holds dangerous potential for nurture exclusivity in political leadership.xviMany believe that there are too many meetings that run late and seem to discuss the same issues over and over, which is just not practical for women councillors who have a family and a home to look after alongside their job as councillors. Unfortunately due to the smaller number of women in local councils than in the national parliament they are unable to ensure that matters such as hours of sitting and childcare are addressed, instead their concerns are ridiculed as womens problems by the male-dominated councils.xviiThese issues enforce the perceptions that women are not capable of serving as councillors and damage the potential contribution of women councillors. Problems like this show just how deeply entrenched male- domination still is in South Africa,xviiiand not just in rural areas but on the national scale. The male domination on real power is still very evident.The ANCs history towards Traditional Authorities is very important in understanding why the act the way they do towards them. The ANC was formed in 1912 and many of its founding members were traditional authorities who opposed to the Union of South Africa. However as time when on the ANC became a more radical movement and combined with pressure from its youth compact and its communist allies the ANC split in two when it came to what to do with Traditional authorities today the first being pro traditional authorities providing that they were critical of government policy. The second, who were clearly influenced by their communist allies, argued that the institution of traditional authorities belong to a previous feudal era and should be replaced by a more democratic institution.xixOne of the main questions to be looked at is why the ANC has made so many concessions to the traditional authorities at the time of transition at the expense of gender equality, in spite of their obvious commitment to equality, in particular gender equality, both in the constitution and their own fellowship politics (i.e. the election quota). The ANC has always been split and extremely ambiguous in its views and policy towards the institution of traditional authority. It is also widely accommodateed that tampering with the power of chiefs threatens to create a mass amount of political problems.xxBecause of this most politicians feel the issue is best left alone.There are a number of contingent reasons this. The first being that the ANC is fundamentally urban based and has always been considered to be very weak in rural areas, alongside that it has never had a coherent programme to build alternative democratic structures in the rural areas to try and combat this problem.xxiAnd as a result the ANC has been and remains depended on tra ditional authorities to be their main representation in rural areas. This originated when the party was in exile but has continue to the present day, which makes it difficult for the ANC to alienate them. The ANC has to also remember that it has to snap peoples commitment to custom, culture and tradition seriously if it wants keep its support in rural areas and if any program of rural construction is to succeed.xxiiThe ANC cannot just flush in and dismantle peoples beliefs and way of life as a large number of people still believe in and support traditional authorities and what they stand for, it will be long and muffled process that will have to be carried out with the upmost care, Ismail 1999 illustrates this point well that traditional leaders cannot be abolished overnight without causing some political disequilibrium among the indigenous people especially in rural areas.xxiiiThe ANC has also faced direct pressure from the traditional authorities themselves, both through the In katha freedom political party (IFP), the Congress of Traditional Leaders in South Africa5(CONTRALESA) and the right-wing Zulu nationalist chief Buthelezi, who is recruiting chiefs who opposed the ANC during the anti-apartheid era.xxivThe ANC feels it must(prenominal) maintain a good relationship with CONTRALESA so that it wont lose the support of the traditional authorities who are members and their followers, who the ANC consider to be important voter blocks. Ultimately the ANC had a choice to make to take the Traditional Authorities head on in order for womens rights to not only be compose in the constitution but actually be put into practice and be experienced by women throughout south African society, or to appease the Traditional Authorities and allow for gender contrast to continue despite this going against the very constitution they wish to uphold. Unfortunately (for womens rights) the ANC has seemed to favour the latter option. But the very fact that the ANC has need to make a choice between the two is evidence of the incompatibility of Traditional Authorities and the concept of gender equality.One thing that the womens movement must remember is that get women into parliament is not a guarantee that she will help promote gender equality as not all women have feminist interests and will most likely represent their parties interests not that of women,xxvthis can be partly due to the party-list system used in South Africa, which means if you want to adhere high on the list and remain in parliament you have to tow the party line. There is also the problem that women just dont feel comfortable enough to raise the question of the prolonged gender inequality within South African society, this is generally down to the traditional view upheld by many South Africans. Friedman actually argues that by putting women on committees when they are not comfortable with being in a position of authority may actually be counterproductive for and long-term strategy for empowering women.xxviThis can be down to the inexperience and uncertainty of women councillors which may lead to them being unable to effectively label their opinions and concerns, leading to the reinforcement of not only the opinion that women are not cut out to be involved in politics but also the very concept of inequality. This is shown very clearly by Goetz and Hassim with their study in Temba in 2000, in which women councillors had made no concrete suggestions except to second motions.xxvii fit in to the women in Temba this is because they feel intimidated by the men who still hold the traditional values of women being inferior. men in the council laugh and interrupt our contributions.xxviiiThis is a problem that is widely known about to the majority of ANC members but still little is being done to address the issue. It is clear that if gender equality is to be a success then it is not just the traditional institutions that need to change, it is the peoples views about ge nder as well. Men need to accept women as their equals and women need to be empowered so that they can be confident enough so that they can stand up for their opinions, concerns and rights.Traditional authorities in their actual state are most definitely incompatible with the demand for gender equality. However as custom and traditions are never set in stone but a product of a mixed and dynamic history of contestation, co-optation, reconstruction and invention,xxixtraditional authorities could, if they learn to incorporate gender equality and accept the legitimate role of the democratically elected local bodies, in theory be a legitimate part of the South African democracy. However if they continue to push of their unelected body to have increased power and refuse to recognise the legitimacy of rural elected bodies and that women have equal status then they should not have a place in a democratic South Africa, as the very nature of traditional authorities is undemocratic. It is up to the government to follow through with their promise of equality, and particularly for this case gender equality by either removing them completely (which will inevitably be unpopular with a large proportion of the population especial in rural areas) or alternatively force them to become more democratic. In the current state it is unlikely that the government will do so as it could very well play into the hands of their opposition. Therefore there is a desperate need for a strong womens movement to not only put pressure on the government but to also mobilise the women of South Africa to stand up for their constitutional right of equality.

Dracula By Bram Stoker English Literature Essay

genus genus genus genus Dracula By Bram Stoker English Literature EssayVery famous for introducing rate Dracula and the novel break the story of Count Dracula a lamia that brace been examine his dead love for hundred years scarce he finally found it In a young woman named myna bird Murray that live in London that takes him to seek her but at the comparable time a group of men and the famous Van Helsing want to kill study Dracula they unleashes a battle between Dracula and Van helsingDracula has been assigned to many literary genres including lamia literature, horror fiction, the gothic novel and invasion literature.Characters DetailsPrimary Characters-Count DraculaA centuries-old vampire and Transylvanian nobleman, Count Dracula inhabits a crumbling fortification in the Carpathian Mountains. He can assume the form of an animal, instruction the weather, and he is stronger than twenty men. His powers atomic number 18 limited, however for instance, he cannot enter a victim s plate unless invited, cannot cross water system unless carried, and is rendered powerless by daylight.Abraham Van HelsingA Dutch professor, his pupil is Dr. Seward. Called upon to cure the ailing Lucy Westenra, Van Helsings contributions are essential in the fight against Dracula. Un uniform his comrades, Van Helsing is not blinded by the limitations of Western medicament he knows that he faces a force that cannot be treated with traditional science and reason. Knowledgeable close to vampire folklore, Van Helsing becomes Draculas chief antagonist and the leader of the group that traces Dracula down and destroys him.Jonathan HarkerA lawyer, whose planetary house sends him to Transylvania to conclude a real estate transaction with Dracula. Harker quickly finds himself a prisoner in the castle and barely escapes with his life. He demonstrates a fierce curiosity to discover the true nature of his captor and a strong will to escape. He help Van Helsing defeating DraculaMina MurrayJ onathan Harkers fiance. Mina is a applicative young beautiful woman who works as a schoolmistress. Eventually victimized by Dracula herself and the best friend of the Lucy Westenra who is the first victim of DraculaLucy WestenraBeautiful young woman, every man who meets her wants to join her or save her life, or both. Lucy chooses Arthur to be his wife, but is Draculas first victim and she became in a vampire that eats the blood of the children but later she is killed by Van Helsing group in her tomb. prank SewardA talented young doctor he is Van Helsings pupil. Seward is the administrator of an insane asylum not far from Draculas English home and the first to see Lucy Westenra after she was wound by Dracula. Sewer notes are interrupt than the other because I took the story through the eyes of SewardArthur HolmwoodThe one that Lucy choose to marry with, he is a sensitive man an is in the moment when they have to kill Lucy in her tomb he besides lose his family in a short period he also finances the vampire hunt and lets everyone use his title to gain access to information about Dracula.Quincey P. MorrisQuincey is from Texas. He is an old friend of Arthur Holmwoods and John Sewards. He also wants to be helpful whenever he can. It is his seeming lack of importance that shows his personality Quincey finally sacrifices his life in order to rid the world of Draculas influence.Second Characters-Renfield An inmate in Dr. Sewards insane asylum. He is seduced by Dracula, who he hails as his Master. When he is at his best, he is polite and intelligent and he tries to do the right thing. When he is at his worst, he eats insects for their souls and is completely vulnerable to Draculas will. It is he who allows the Count into Sewards home he is some kind of servant to Dracula ray Hawkins Jonathans boss and mentor. He is very lavish and has great faith in Jonathan, both as a solicitor and as a person. dappleThis story begins with the journal of a man named Jonathan Harker who has travelled to Transylvania to give some documents about the new attribute in London to count Dracula, when Jonathan arrives to the castle and meet count Dracula he describes Dracula like a pale thin old man and finds strange the castle of count Dracula and have bad feelings about it, accordingly he start to feel dark presence and hearing noises , when he tried to escape from the castle Count Dracula trap him on the castle with other trey women vampires, Dracula prepared a ship to go to London . Jonathan has a fiance, her name is Mina Murray who is wait for the return of Jonathan, meanwhile she went to the wedding of her friend Lucy Westenra and Arthur Holmwood ,next in the night Mina see that Lucy was in the courtyard and she was attacked by a dark form of monster but when she went to help Lucy she only find her injured and nothing more, then her husband Arthur called the doctor John Seward who Is the one that give the treatment to Lucy that consist of enceinte he r a lot of blood transfusions but is seems to have any good results so Seward decides to call his mentor Van Helsing who come from Amsterdam, when he arrives he checked Lucy and he tell them that Lucy cannot be saved them she die.Jonathan has take flight an returned to London thinking about nothing happened in that castle was real when suddenly his boss Peter Hawkins died and leave a great fortune to Jonathan , then he marries Mina. One day Jonathan see Dracula but he cant remember because Dracula has recovered his youth because the blood of his victims then Jonathan went unconscious(p) and that allow mina to read his journal and know what happenen in the castle. Soon there is a account of a monster in London that sucks blood from people ,that take Van Helsing to gather Mina, Jonathan, Arthur, Quincey, Seward and to seek Lucys tomb and watch how Lucy wake up in vampire form and they killed her by cutting sullen her head , Van helsing prepare Mina, Jonathan, Arthur, Quincey and S eward to kill Dracula, but in the search Van helsing realized that Mina was on danger so Helsing and sewer went into Minas room and found Jonathan unconscious and mina in the mail of Dracula drinking blood from him, next Dracula disappear. When they think that all is lost Van Helsing tell them that if they kill Dracula after the next day Mina would return back to normal then they use Mina to led them to Draculas place and when they arrive to Transylvania they found the box that have the body of the count but it was protected by some gypsies but they won the battle an kill count Dracula and that make Mina back to normal but Sewer got bad injured and sadly he die, but at least Mina and Jonathan live happily thats the end of the novelPersonal paygrade and conclusion-Book strengthsin this book is written like in journals and letters , and give the point of entrance of almost all the characters that helps to get in their thoughts and to near feel as they feel in the novel, I liked tha t so much because this novel dont have only one narrationBook helplessnessIt can be very heavy for some people because it is divided in journals and different points of realize so it can be hard for some people to relate and to follow the story but it has its benefitsSourcesDracula by Bram stoker book in PdfWikipedia- http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DraculaHorror novels review- http//usersites.horrorfind.com/home/horror/genus Dracula/bookreviews/bramstokersdracula.htmlDracula Characters- http//www.bookrags.com/notes/dra/CHR.html

Structuralist and Modernist Theories of Development

Structuralist and Modernist Theories of ontogenyThis hear is going to look at the rather broad question which speculation of ontogeny I find most weighty. It exit look at the different theories of development and then critically assess the theories to show that I believe modernisation hypothesis to be the most persuasive, using examples to spur up my argument. To fully engage with the question the essay go forth take off by looking at and assessing Modernisation speculation, secondly the essay will look at a structuralist approach and how it differs to modernisation conjecture. The essay will then look at political development possibleness and the differences amongst the theories, before concluding to try and show that overall the most persuasive theory of development is Modernisation.After World War Two we dictum a departure from Classical Economics and Growth Theory to Modernisation Theory. The Theory reflected both a changing worldwide political mount and develop ments made in social science circles with the journal Economic Development and Cultural Change publishing the social scientists findings of their Modernisation research . Walt Rostow presented his thesis on Modernisation theory looking at it as a five-stage process, showing countries moving from traditional societies to modern societies, the last stage for Rostow universe The age of high mass consumption ( ground ball, 2012), which is when a country maintains high economic growth for an appropriate length of time. It follows the general principles of the Modernisation theory that it is a linear process of changing older traditions, methods and anatomical structures that countries have previously followed. Rostow believed that a way for Developing countries to benefit from Modernisation was for aid from developed countries to be sent to these countries so that they could gain some productive investments. The Marshall political platform and the Alliance for Progress in Latin the States were programs that were influenced heavily by Rostows theory. The Alliance for Progress was established between the States and Latin the States to promote economic and political development within the countries (Ish-Shalom, 2004). The Alliance had a few successes, for example growth in regional extinctput in Latin America increased by 0.4% per capita, however during the sixties 13 of the governments within the alliance were taken over by a war machine dictatorship leading an abrupt failure of the alliance. By the end of the 1960s the theory of Modernisation was under attack, a main reason macrocosm because many believed that the theories linear view dismisses the extent to which societies can be truly diverse and different to other countries, especially those in the west, as these countries may fight change and resist changing their traditions, as it is assumed by authors that Third World Countries are traditional whilst Western countries are developed. In his book, Jo hn Martinussen talks about how some Modernisation theorists assume that because the archetype has worked in developed countries it will automatically transfer to work in developing countries (Hopper, 2012). Similarly, these conceits of development hugely downplay the level to which international conditions could jampack development in the South. Structuralists would argue that developing countries are powerless to moderate their own futures because modernisation theory was to focused upon endogenous factors that it overlooked orthogonal factors due to the international economic order. Structuralists focused on the structure of the international saving to look for patterns of the level of development in countries around the world. The theory is influenced by Keynesian which is a critique of classical economics and talks about how states rely upon government intervention and having a mixed economy, and that to frame developed states should focus on achieving this, as the noti on was that it would stimulate the economy and development within the country. The belief relied heavily upon governments in developing countries encouraging industrialisation through support such as financial help. Therefore, worry modernisation theory we can see that structuralism shares a belief in industrialisation in a countries development. Also, the structuralist approach is sinked in Latin American experience, where the countries were very critical of international trade and thither were attempts to discover and explain the involve of development in the cranial orbit. Raul Prebisch looked at the idea of there world a structural rift in the international economy (Edgar J. Dosman, 2012) in which Latin America sat on the bite of this rift as it had the function of universe able to provide indwelling resources, mainly serving those countries in the centre. With assistance from Prebisch CEPAL developed a theory of economic development for Latin America. This approach w as based upon the ideas that development should not be copied from Western countries but instead established so that it represents the veracity within the developing country. It also believed that protectionist policies should be adopted, such as importing tariffs on imported goods, as without such policies these countries would struggle to survive in the international free trade market as they would be in direct competition with western countries. CEPAL concluded that development, in Latin America at least, needs to take place within a capitalist system and that countries that produced industrial goods would grow faster than those which specialised in elemental commodities. Some structuralists held that countries of the Global South could over occur the unintentional restraints put on them by the already developed countries through trading between themselves (Hopper, 2012). Therefore, Structuralists would direction a policy of Import-substitution industrialisation (ISI) descri bed by Valpy Fitzgerald as being state-led industrialization, when CAPEAL was formed the organisation continued to push ISI as it was dealing with the shocks mat up within Latin America from the disruption of international trade because of the corking Depression through World War Two, and by the 1950s CEPAL cherished to create a region-wide market that would capture economies of scale in production. (Love, 2005). Manufacturing in Latin America increased yearly by 6.3% (Sheahan, cited in Hopper 2012), showing that this structuralist approach had a positive effect in this area of the Global South, however some manufacturing industries in countries with small domestic markets struggled as they had limited population size to market their goods too and were further limited by the populations low incomes, leading to reductions in foreign exchange honorarium so these industries would struggle to afford the technology needed to manufacture their goods which ISI was dependent on to wor k. ISI also ignored bureaucracy and corruption that have been a part of the states and governments throughout the world. Overall there were too many faults with some structuralists ideas and Latin America abandoned ISI after the debt crisis in the region in 1982.After the slow dissolution of ISI in Latin America, with a change state debt crisis and terms of trade for primary products deteriorating a new approach, Dependency Theory, began to come to light from radical and neo-Marxists who began with critiquing both Modernisation and Structuralist theories. Their general argument is that capitalist economy in the international community produces increased inequalities in levels of development allowing the northernmost to exploit and extract wealth from the South. Paul Baran, a Development academic, considered this structure as the morphology of backwardness. (Bellamy Foster, 2007). Within Latin America Andr Gunder Frank argued that the lack of development within these countries can be directly connected to development in other areas of the world, this is through looking at a capitalistic world system characterised by a centre-periphery dichotomy where Latin America sits on the periphery with the countries of the North in the centre, the result of this dichotomy being an unequal exchange in the international market with the North congruous developed and dominating and the South being underdeveloped and dependent. A last from dependency theorists seemed to be that capitalism needs to be abolished if underdevelopment is the result of a capitalist society. However, a challenge to the theory emerged when newly industrialised countries could nigh be seen to be bridging the gap in the dichotomy, Immanuel Wallerstein disagreed slightly with dependency theory and stated that the dichotomy had three levels centre, semi-periphery and periphery, Wallerstein developed World-systems theory. This theory sought to explain the central-periphery dichotomy produced by the Cap italist system, Wallerstein offer a more runny concept of the dichotomy saying that it is possible for countries to move in and out of these categories whether it be due to development or economic decline, this can handbill for the change in countries such as China and India (Hopper, 2012). However, critics would argue that despite Wallersteins theory that Dependency theorists underplay internal and natural causes of underdevelopment. During the 1980s Latin America witnessed an economic crisis leaving the areas GDP growth rate as 1.1% whereas its overall growth rate of its per capita GDP was negative (Shixue, 2008). This was due to flaws from the ISI vex and corruption within the region by officials. Also, many claim that the theory fails to provide answers to developing countries predicament, as the theory states that dependency is a root cause of their underdevelopment but provides no escape. There is either a need for developed countries to disconnect themselves from the inte rnational market or for a knowledgeability of a new international economic system. Therefore, Dependency theory provides micro hope to developing countries.In conclusion when analysing the different theories of development it is unpatterned that all the three main theories can be recognised as having some influence within developing countries.

Negligence in Midwifery

inattention in MidwiferyChristine BorgAfter a spontaneous vaginal delivery a woman suffered a unspeak adapted haemorrhage leading to hypovolaeima and severe adult respiratory distress. She was admitted to an Intensive sustentation Unit but had recurrent bleeding, than collapsed. After resuscitation in theatre, a corporeal piece of purposental tissue was removed under general anaesthesia. Upon subr outine checking the staff accoucheuse was initially doubtful about the placenta, but hence she documented that the placenta was perpetrate. Discuss.IntroductionA practising registered accoucheuse is an account adequate someone who en banks that wellness and safety laws ar implemented in her upkeep provided (Dimond, 2002 pg.312). The registered accoucheuse erects into precedence the safety of the niggle and her baby. The suit equal accoucheuse is intimacyable, apprehending, skil take, and accountable. Unfortunately any behavior that the search based schoolmaster carri es out or fails to carry out, that resolving power in suffering to the fuck off or the electric razor will engender sub judice implications (Dimond, 2002).Postpartum haemorrhageUn cookled bleeding of more than 500mls from the womens genital tract, at any snip following delivery to 12 weeks postpartum is described as postpartum haemorrhage (Williams, 2011 pg.113). Blood disconnected can be either evident or concealed, resulting in misfortune (Tiran, 2012). Postpartum haemorrhage is the most common ca drop of maternal goal occurring worldwide (Fraser Cooper, 2009). Optimum management of the trey and fourth stage of excavate is a matter of great concern towards preserving maternal health. Postpartum haemorrhage is most often a matter of in distract management of the third stage of labour, along with an unprofessional inspection of the placenta (Fraser Cooper, 2009).Examination of the placentaInspection of the placenta is a practical interrogatoryination done in the lab ouring room by a fully qualified accoucheuse. This exam involves the assessment of both the foetal and maternal membranes. Evaluation of the placenta is part of the duty of cautiousness of the midwife in the freshman hour following take. On the delivery of the placenta, either by expectant or active management of the third stage, the midwife holds up the placenta from the umbilical cord with the fetal progresss world examined first. The membranes are examined for integrity, completeness and any posture freakishities. Membranes the amnion and the chorion should be made accepted to be present and complete (De Kock, 2004).This assessment is usually done in the presence of the m other. The maternal surface is examined for completeness, so as to make certain that no cotyledons countenance been left over(p) inside the uterus. If a cotyledon is found to be missing, or if the midwife is uncertain with regards to placental findings, serve up from other health professionals sho uld be seek and the placenta kept for further examination. Of utmost importance is to include the mother in the examination, describing reasons for the examination procedure, maculation explaining the possible risk of exposures of an incomplete placenta (De Kock, 2004).Womens right for schoolingThe mother has the right to be informed of both the normal and abnormal findings. Communication is a needed irradiation in midwifery. While beingnessness close to the woman, the midwife should oblige explained the situation and kept the mother calm, slice talking her through the necessary procedures that were to take place (ICM, 2011)The midwifeThe prenomen midwife can that be used by the person who has successfully completed a midwifery educational programme, that is duly recognized in the country where it is located and that is based on the ICM Essential Competencies for primary Midwifery Practice and the framework of ICM Global Standards for Midwifery Education who has acqu ired the necessary qualifications to be registered and/or profoundly licensed to practice midwifery and use the title midwife and who demonstrates competency in the practice of midwifery (Midwives regulation of practice, 2005).The core competencies of the midwifeThe midwife is fit to exertion if she has the necessary knowledge and skills, has a good professional behaviour, character and a good health status, meeting the standards and competencies required (ICM, 2011). Competencies are set up as a guide for midwives to fulfil their profession. The guidelines provided by the code of practise in midwifery, aims to put in priority the safety of the mother and the child. The competencies of the expert of normality include her ability to work with the women and provide constant supervise and support.Being competent means, that a high quality veneration and a cultural new assistance is spread outn to the mother during birth. Such event is the monitoring of the fetal and maternal we llbeing and providing the assistance towards completeing a safe birth. The midwife mustiness be aware of the possible risks occurring during labour being able to observe, recognize and act when warning signs present (ICM, 2011).Being competent and accountable- the consequence scenarioThe skills and abilities allow the midwife to inspect the placenta for integrity and completeness, however, in such a character as described above, having a midwife not sure of herself, referral to other health care professionals should incur been considered while assisting the latter if possible.Having the mother notified of the findings and given consent with relation to the procedures that needed to take place, appropriate analgesia should have been administered. Once the doctor confirms that a part of the placenta is missing, a vaginal exam followed by an examination of the uterus under sterile conditions is usually performed. Should the midwife acted as a responsible professional, she must hav e been in control to take the necessary urgent measures if help from other health professionals was not accessible, keeping in mind the risk against the benefits.In such a case the priority of the midwife should have been managing postpartum bleeding so as to avoid the incidence of haemorrhage (ICM, 2011). The skills and abilities of the midwife allow her to perform a fundal massage in order to stimulate a abridgement and help any remaining clots left in the uterine or vaginal cavity to be delivered (De Kock, 2004). Of utmost importance in the delivering the appropriate care, was the monitoring and estimation of the maternal blood acquittance. Oxytocic drugs should have been administered while regularly assessing alert signs of the mother, in addition to the record of concise and immaculate data of the events (ICM, 2011).In such a case were haemorrhage occurred, lifesaving drugs could have been administered to the woman in order for shock and respiratory distress to be avoided . The midwife shall have the skill to identify shock and be able to manage it. An intravenous line should have been inserted in such case and while administering the appropriate fluids and drugs, drawing of blood for laboratory testing could have been made possible. The woman with serious complication needed to be transferred to a higher direct of care so as for emergency care to be given as required. In extreme cases the midwife must be able to perform cardio pulmonary resuscitation (De Kock, 2004). Furthermore, following such care, the midwife must have given great importance to the postnatal flow rate of the woman. Observations of the womans progress and monitoring of the vital signs should have taken place (ICM, 2011).Record Keeping- A professional toolAccurate credential of the process of labour and birth is a responsible role of the midwife. separate write discipline about the progress of labour and the on-going care provided during this experience, gives out relative information about the mother and the fetal well-being during the birth events. The midwife must ensure that all the records are filled befittingly before transferring the woman to the future health care professionals (De Kock, 2004). The purpose of funding is to provide a written evidence of events as they take place (Dimond, 2002).Appropriate written communication in the event of labour shall be factual, well dictated, concise, consistent, accurate, clear, legible, relevant and signed. Writing shall include detailed information of the care provided, the plan, executes, observations and the events occurring during labour (Dimond, 2002) All the information being documented is to be written as a contemporaneous manner of events. Documenting childbirth is a explanation of the birthing process. Relative information shall include data of the estimated blood loss during labour, the findings from the placenta examination as well as the results of the mothers vital signs, whenever taken during the mothers stay. Assessment of the perineum and vagina along with identification of necessary repairs, type and quantity of sutures required should also be celebrated (Dimond, 2002). The midwife must preserve all information recorded. Keeping all the records provides advocate to the health professional (Dimond, 2002). Documentation is a tool in the experts practise and it shall be considered as an essential part of care and not as additional to the care offered (Dimond, 2002)When writing out records one is to eliminate abbreviations and compile in a manner that is easily understood by others. Records shall be clear so as to serve as a tool to facilitate an investigation. If any mistake is present in the recording of information, this should be corrected by cutting out neatly the mistake, while devising sure that a signature and a date is presented. All information recorded by students is to be seen and signed by the midwife assigned. randomness is to be written in a co nsecutive manner, having problems arising during the birth identified, and the actions and plans noted (Dimond, 2002). Regular training on documentation shall be proposed especially in situations where pressure is present especially at the time of the delivery where time is limited and record keeping is given a low priority. write information shall reflect a clear evidence of the care being constantly provided to the mother and the baby (Dimond, 2002)A record becomes a legal document whenever it is required as an evidence of events occurred and is relevant in a speak to of law (Dimond, 2002). Tools of documentation are necessary in the court of law, as although they are not al routes a proof of uprightness records are an instrument of evidence and are tool for criticism by the judge. All written records are to be accurately dated timed, and signed. negligenceNegligence may be best defined as unjust harm where a patient claims compensation caused by the carelessness of a midwife in breach of their duty of care (Griffith, 2008).Negligence is the nonstarter to take care of someone or something. This is the most brought up action in health services for compensation (Dimond, 2002 pg.182). Compensation can only be given when the midwife infracted the law in her duty of care, when harm has been recognised, or in the presence of a negative result that had been led to by the disrupted duty of care.The midwife has the responsibility of the duty of care towards all her clients. The duty of care involves caring safely for the women and family, being able to communicate effectively, sharing evidence based information, giving advice, notifying the women of risks and acting in a way to promote health (Dimond, 2002 pg.184). The duty of care does not only relate to the care and treatment, but includes also the act of recording factual information and storing records. Duty of care involves all actions and activities that ensure safety. The midwife must aim to avoid acts th at put the person at risk of harm. The person described is one who is directly affected by the midwife act. The aim is to have a positive effect on the mother, new-born, family and the overall experience (Dimond, 2002 pg.185). When a midwife is found guilty of putting the mother close to death a custodial sentence is most likely to be received by midwife (Griffith, 2010).Legislation of careThis case scenario is a typical example of a dispute in the legal duty of care. In this case the midwife must have first understood the present standards of care (Dimond, 2002). The midwife described here has failed to construe and follow the protocols, guidelines and procedures drawn up nationally and locally. The midwife has also failed to register the importance of accurate record keeping. The midwife is challenged on her inappropriate actions. Her records, if written precisely can also aid in defending her actions (Griffith, 2010).As a general rule, midwives who are not certain about the changing and revised standards of care, being practised in the area, are to make sure that all necessary information is gathered, understood and followed, so as to enkindle safety in the care given to the mother and the family (Griffith, 2008). All midwives are responsible to obey to all policies. Trained and competent midwives are trusted and the element of trust in a qualified midwife reflects her level of competencies (Dimond, 2002).The government aims to increase the standard of the registered professionals and makes sure that all practioners listed on the adjustment list are safe and protective towards the public.Legislation aims to protect the mothers from chancy professional staff. When a professional staff identifies that she has made a mistake, she shall not be complacent. It is the role of the midwife to communicate effectively with the woman and give all the acknowledgment, explanations and apologies, so as to act in the best way to correct her behaviour towards safegu arding the women and her family (Dimond, 2002 pg. 220).Although health professionals are to be knowledgeable and assertive, being over confident with their behaviour might put the mother and child at risk. With regard to this case scenario, having the midwife not seeking help from other professionals signifies, that her over confidence has led her to reduce the quality of care provided. Furthermore, a competent midwife would not only make sure that the placenta is examined correctly, but would also ensure that the placenta is examined in the presence of the mother, having findings continuously being communicated and explained. Any competent assessment of the risk would have to take in account the post birth vital signs of the women.The midwifes stroke to document correctly, take action and evaluate the mothers vital signs was a direct cause towards the deterioration of the mother (Dimond, 2002).ConclusionThe professional care provided by the midwife should be based on research and be within the law. As the claims for compensation continue to rise, the need for midwives to understand and reflect on the cases of default is important so as to denigrate the risk of negligence and increase the levels of standards of care (Dimond, 2002 pg.226). It is the midwives duty to understand the elements of negligence and take care of their actions and behaviours. A holistic approach of care provided by the midwife includes leadership clinical knowledge and skills documentation guideline culture risk management and debrief audit and education (De Kock, 2004).ReferencesThe core competencies for introductory midwifery practice. (2002). Journal of Midwifery and Womens Health, 47(5), 403-404-406.De Kock, J. (2004). Second and third stages of labour. In J. De Kock, C. cutting edge der Walt (Eds.), Maternal and newborn care A complete guide for midwives and other health professionals (1st ed., pp. 14-1-14-7). Lansdowne Juta and Company.Dimond, B. (Ed.). (2002). Legal aspects of midwifery (2nd ed.). China Elsevier Science Limited.Fraser, D. M., Cooper, M. A. (Eds.). (2009). Myles textbook for midwives (15th ed.). Edinburgh Elsevier.Griffith, R. (2008). Negligence and the standard of midwifery practice. British Journal of Midwifery, 16(10), 676-677.Griffith, R. (2010). Understanding negligence as a crime in midwifery. British Journal of Midwifery, 18(7), 449-450.International alinement of Midwives. (2011). Essential competencies for basic midwifery practice 2010. ().International confideration of midwives. (2015). Retrieved from http//www.internationalmidwives.org/Medfort, J., Battersby, S., Evan, M., Marsh, B., Walker, A. (Eds.). (2011). Oxford handbook of midwifery (2nd ed.). New York Oxford University Press.Midwives code of practice. (2005, July). Retrieved from https//ehealth.gov.mt/download.aspx?id=908Tiran, D. (Ed.). (2012). Baillieres midwives dictionary (12th ed.). London Elsevier.

Representation And The Newspaper Media Criminology Essay

focal point And The newspaper publisher Media Criminology EssayThis literature review aims to examine the literature regarding the ways in which women off ratiocinationers, particularly those connected with nonorious murder cases atomic number 18 moveed by the media, one simply way that force out help to understand the mission of women is to comp be it with how men ar portrayed (Gill, 2007, p. 17). At its most prefatory (Burton, 2010, p. 16), histrionics is the construction of ideas about a checkmate through somewhat means of communication. The concern is that the representation constructs detrimental ideas about the difference of the subject from others (Burton, 2010, p. 16). Women who join their partners in cleanup develop stood out as wondrous and exceptional (Jewkes, 2004, p. 108), feminist commentators (Jewkes, 2004, Naylor, 2001) assert that the women attract more than media attention creating an control of them that is more powerful than that of the phallic. The pervasive coverage has resulted in the construction of these women as folk devils provoking a collective sense of horror from the open.Representation and the newspaper mediaNewspapers exert an enormous amount of influence over public perception (Burton, 2010, p. 7), they argon an influential and powerful tool within ball club, utilized to decl ar and exchange information and news to the public. Academics have headered the role of newspapers in their reporting of terrible hatred suggesting that instead of representing populace, they instead provide media representations of reality (Peelo et al 2004, p. 261).Reah (2002, p. 50) observes newspapers be non simply vehicles for delivering information they present the proofreader with aspects of the news, and present it often in a way that intends to guide the ideologic stance of the reader. Burton (2010, p. 7) explains that the familiarity of newspapers in our daily lives can divert attention from the detail that they argo n made objects. He asserts that newspapers are organised in dissimilar ways for various reasons and it would non be possible to argue that they are neutral deliverers of information with which the reader can do anything they please with. Burton (2010, p. 16) maintains that from a structuralist perspective in that respect are features of a newspaper which present an order, a form, cues to the reader all of these give shape to the representation of the subject. Newspapers order their substantial to produce a line of argument which is then imposed on the reader. Jewkes (2004, p.37) agrees with this view, stating that despite often being depict as a windowpane on the world or a mirror reflecting real life, newspapers office be more accurately described as a prism, subtly bending and distorting the representation of the subject it portrays. However, it must be pointed out that readers are not so lacking in the capacity for critical comment that newspaper makers can produce any ki nd of meaning or interpretation and impose it (Burton, 2010, p. 16).Feminism, crime and the mediaRe hunt club (Gill, 2007, Naylor 1995, 2001) has sh hold that the media coverage about women is in general presented differently to coverage about men. Dyer (1993, p. 21) and more recently Naylor (2001, p. 186) go get on arguing that the same conduct can evoke significantly different squeeze coverage completely dependent on sexuality. In her study, Naylor (2001, p. 189) make that the effeminate receives a higher volume of coverage and is constructed as more deviant, more anxiety producing and more transgressive than the male.Feminist examinations of the media propose two reasons for this grammatical gender inequality. Firstly, as Gill (2007, p. 121) argues, there is a gender imbalance in harm of who produces the news, male dominance dictates media ranges, beliefs and norms, often unfairly. She continues that women are culturalised into the news business, into an phone line in wh ich the majority of senior positions are still taken by men. Research by Dougary (1994, cited by Burton, 2010, p. 257) established that across 12 tatter newspapers top editorial jobs were held by 64 men and 11 women. The balance was worse in the case of broadsheets.Although things are presently changing (Gill 2007, p. 121 Burton, 2010, p.257) with a majority of pistillates in journalism training, most do not end up in the mainstream thrust but earlier in associated palm such as public relations and magazines. When women do enter the mainstream press (Gill, 2007, p. 122) there still attends to be discrimination and a gendered division mingled with hard news reporters, such as economics, politics and crime, who tend to be men and features reporters, who are most likely to be women. There is conclusion according to Burton (2010, p. 257), that it is nearly impossible for women to combine a mainstream investigative journalistic career with a family. Beasley (1992, p. 76) found that women journalists were less likely to be unite or in a long term partnership than their male counterparts, they were likewise significantly less likely to have children. A wide-eyed increase in the numbers of women in journalism cannot be taken as straightforward evidence of greater equality, since for women, but not men, achieving this seems to assume major sacrifices in other parts of their lives (Gill, 2007, p. 122). Burton (2010, p. 257) puts it simply when he solid grounds that there is a gender imbalance in terms of who produces news, there is gender bias in terms of who gets to cover what kind of story, this influences the representations of gender in the news.The second reason proposed by feminist criminologists for this inequality in representation is that women bank far fewer crimes, specifically murders than men do ( tender, 2010, p. 1). The unimaginative picture of the criminal, Marsh and Melville (2008, p. 76) argue is a male. Male craze (Naylor, 2001, p. 186) is normalised, quick on a continuum ranging from the non violent to the murderous, this results in it being viewed besides in terms of degree. Jewkes (2004, p. 133) argues that madness is viewed as one of globey possible behaviour patterns for men it is not strikingly unusual, tied(p) when extreme. When a man eat ups, his crime will be imaginable and possibly level(p) seen as human, this is not the case for women. After all, argues Morrissey (2003, p. 16), male crime in all forms is often articulated, debated, portrayed, glorified, even fantasised, female crime is not.When women commit murder it is more upset and is accompanied by a sense of collective denial ( sealskin, 2010, p. 1). Women who commit murder are judged to have transgressed two sets of natural laws according to Jewkes (2004, p111) criminal law and the laws of nature, in Lloyds (1995) infamous words, such women are in two ways deviant and doubly damned. stamp (2010, p. 1) explains, violence is an traine d attribute of most recognised masculinities, consumeing by women violates norms of womanhood, such as nurturance, gentleness and social conformity. Marsh and Melville (2008, p. 76) state that there has always been and continues to be a widely held take awayance of special K sense assumptions about female behaviour. They continue that the acceptable and stereotypical female norm is closely linked to womens psychological makeup and biological purpose, and it is these essentialist assumptions that censure women to differential treatment not only in the media but also within the criminal justice system.Women who kill (Seal, 2010, p. 1) disturb culturally held notions not only of how women should behave but also of what woman is. Essentially women who kill trouble the masculine/feminine gender binary by transgressing its boundaries (Seal, 2010, p. 1). Jewkes (2004, p.133) asserts that in cases of women who kill vilification operates to displace them from society, to insist on their otherness, thereby avoiding the fellowship that she is produced by that society. Research by Chesney Lind (2006) supports this notion suggesting that gender stereotyping in criminalness continues to permeate society with women who commit crimes, which violate gender stereotypes being accustomed the most vicious journalistic treatment of all.Exploring representation typologiesPrevious inquiry into media representations of women who commit murder indicate key stereotypical constructions that have trammel the range of available representations to those which are disparaging and or disempowering (Seal, 2010, p. 6). Frigon (2006, cited by Seal 2010, p. 6) argues that there is an absence of language with which to articulate cases of women who kill. In particular, themes of sexuality, madness, and women as housewives and carers reoccur. Seal (2010, p 6) argues that this is unsurprising in the light of feminist criminology, which has explored how these discourse of femininity are the ones that have governed the judgement, punishment and representation of criminal women.Jewkes (2004) in her nurse Media and Crime identified seven standard stereotypical narratives typically employ by the media to construct the image of women who commit serious crime. These will now be outlined below.Sexuality and sexual devianceWomen who commit serious offences are already of news value by virtue of their relation rarity. Jewkes (2004, p. 113) notes that women offenders snuff it even more newsworthy when they can be however marginalised by reference to their sexuality. Womens sexual preference, their enjoyment of sex or their frigidity, have long been used to demonise them and justify their construction as monsters, even more so if the sexual preference of the woman in question is for other women.According to Jewkes (2004, p. 117) there is an inherent association between lesbianism and enmity that has led to the media attempting to explain violent female behaviour by way of lesbianism and attributes of masculinity. Seal (2010, p. 24) supports this argument stating that the tendency to masculinise women who kill is exacerbated in cases of women sensed as being lesbian or having lesbian tendencies.Physical drawing cardWomen who kill (Jewkes, 2004, p. 118) are subjected to intense scrutiny regarding their physical appearance and attractiveness, a fact that entirely reflects cultural attitudes towards women in everyday life. Wykes and Gunter (2004, p. 255) argue that aspects of femininity such as youth, slenderness, and decorativeness are much valued within society and the media, if the female offender does not conform to this tradition stereotype she is vilified by the media. However it appears that the female offender cannot win, as Jewkes (2004, p. 119) points out women who are stuffyly attractive and therefore do conform to this stereotype are not spared vilification, often being presented as femme fetales who are cold detached and chastely vacuous . Gill (2007, p. 116) points out that unlike women, their male counterparts are rarely described or judged in terms of their physical appearance.Bad wivesAccording to Jewkes (2004, p. 119) notions of femininity and domesticity are crucial factors in determining how to construct the image of women who kill. She argues that women offenders are frequently judged on their marital status, family background, and children. If it can be seen that women offenders are not conforming to Victorian inspired ideals of femininity and domesticity they are typically constructed as bad wives and mothers. By contrast, marital status, family background and children have little or no bearing on most cases involving male offenders whose conformity to conventional ideas of respectability rely on issues such as employment rather than factors such as marital status (Lloyd, 1995, p. 196).Bad mothersWomen who murder children represent only a tiny fraction of serious criminals, as a result of this rarity they frequently have a novelty value that guarantees media interest in them (Seal, 2010, p. 26). The bad mother narrative is so culturally pervasive that it is applied to virtually all cases of women who kill whether the woman responsible is an actual mother or not (Jewkes, 2004, p. 121). Marsh and Melville (2008, p. 184) argue that the culturally sanctioned code of femininity and womanhood is that women should nature and protect, not harm. It is a womans natural role as mother and carer that makes it difficult for society to accept that women can harm children. Men on the other hand (Jewkes, 2004, p. 132) are rarely described as bad fathers even when their victim is their own child.Mythical monstersJewkes (2004, p. 123) argues that the representation of women who kill that prevails in the media originate from pagan mythology, Judaeo Christian theology and classical art and literature, these frequently invoke images of witches, evil temptress, harpies and go women to convey female wick edness. She argues that the representation of female offenders as mythical monsters serves only to depict them as less woman than monster. Monstrous images of women have beseem so firmly entrenched in popular consciousness that it has become almost impossible to view any woman who kills as a real woman. Men however, according to Seal (2010, p. 75), are rarely prone the same mythical motifs as females even though their crimes and or even themselves may be described as monstrous.Mad cowsSeal (2010, p. 50) suggests that the criminal justice system, the media and society generally find it hard to accept that a woman has committed violent or heinous offences unless she can be categorised as a deluded lunatic or mentally ill hysteric. She argues on with Jewkes (2004, p 126) that there is an historical tendency to describe womens violence with explanations that rely on notions of female pathology, particularly in relation to untimely biology. This it is argued, (Seal 2010, p. 50, Jewk es, 2004 p. 126) serves to reduce the responsibility of the woman for the deviant act. Jewkes (2004, p. 127) argues that men meanwhile are regarded as rational agents, ruled by their heads not their biology and are therefore less likely to be described in terms of madness.Evil manipulatorWomen who collude with their partners in killing are elusive for the popular media who seek to communicate their actions to the rest of society (Jewkes, 2004, p. 128). The medias solution to women who appear to be equal partners, or at least go along with the crime unquestioningly is to place the burden of guilt on their shoulders. Morrissey (2003, p. 152) argues that the womens amour in the crime will be exaggerated in the press causing the female to be vilified to a greater extent. She argues that the press relies on the notion that although the male may be a sadistic man capable of extreme cruelty he would never act without a submissive woman. It is only together that they become a lethal pair. Jewkes (2004, p. 128) argues that the female of the pair is deemed more culpable as she is instrumental in unleashing the violence and depravity that the male has thus far contained. It is the female who has let grim the victim as she failed to stop the crime, she should have shown compassion (Jewkes, 2004, p. 128).ConclusionFrom the search of the literature pertaining to womens violence and the ways in which womens violence is represented it is becoming clear that the news medias aim and role is not simply to inform and educate the public (Burton, 2010, p. 8). The news media and society at large are not ready to confront the reality that women can be cruel, sadistic, and violent. The transparent truth that men are more aggressive than women encourages a far-flung cultural ignorance of the fact that women have the potential for violence and that women can kill as women (Jewkes, 2004, p. 129).Word count 2545

Annotated Bibliography: Fast Dissolving Tablets Research

Annotated Bibliography Fast Dissolving Tablets Research3. books REVIEWM. Geetha et al. (2015) had ready tight(a) licentiousness pill of anti-asthmatic medicine terbutaline sulphate development direct coalition method acting. Study was related to compare immanent tops(predicate) disintegrating agent plantago ovate husk powder with celluloid tops(predicate)disintegrant crospovi make. They concluded that inbred super disintegrant showed better adjournment, extravagance, strong oncoming of action at law and it is too cheap easily available, non-toxic. Accelarated stability study was also performed which also showed positive results.13Muhammad Talha Usmani et al. (2015) had inclined(p) or bothy disintegrating yel low-pitched journalism of Montelukast atomic number 11 by both antithetic manifestations utilise cost effective direct compression method. They pee-pee apply cherry flavor and aspartame as sweetener. Formulations were evaluated for its performances and obtained better readiness which were subjected for pull ahead study by central composite design.14Balagani Pavan Kumar et al (2015) had prompt Nizatidine breakup tab. Taste born(p) covering is done by eudragit E100 using substantial scattering method and launch areas were active by spray drying and solvent drying up technique. Tablets were disposed(p) using crospovidone, soja bean polysaccharide in three contrasting concentrations and evaluate for revolt duration, dose set free and savvy masking.15Vivek Dave et al (2015) had disposed(p) rapidly disintegration pads and which give quick onset of action to conquer poor patient compliance associated with conventional tablets tablets were evaluated for decomposition reaction time, wetting time, wantonness rate and taste masking. Hence, it lead to improve bioavailability of medicine and efficacy.16Pradip Solanki et al (2015) had brisk m bulgeh dissolving tablet to treat schizophrenia with clozapine as active a gent. Solubility was intumesce-tried in all complexes of cyclodextrin from which HP -CD showed upper limit solubility. Trial batches were carried out for Screening of diluents and superdisintegrant. 32 factorial design was apply to optimize grammatical construction. The optimize formulation is evaluated for its disintegrstion rate, do do drugss content, drug sprain, wetting time.17Bhavani et al (2015) had prepared rapidly disintegrating tablet to improve patient compliance who exact difficulty to swallow the tablets and hard gelatin capsules. MDTs beget enhanced base hit and improve patient compliance. Mouth dissolving tablet are expert for many patients like psychics, geriatric, paediatric, unconscious and bed-ridden patients who ready difficulty for swallowing tablets and capsules.18Nagar Praveen Kumar et al. (2014) had prepared extravagant dissolving tablet of piroxicam using three antithetical superdisintegrants. They had prepared 9 batches of natural super disinteg rant that is guar gum, isapghula and fenugreek by changing 3 concentrations. For preparation of tablets they utilise direct compression method. The powder run low and final tablets were evaluated for flow property and release optimization. Accordinhg to their results F4 batch is optimized and that allow shown 99.18% of drug release.19Anisree. G. S et al. (2014) had create Levocetrizine hydrochloride mouth dissolving tablet. Drug and excipients were mixed and tablets were speculate using direct compression method. Drug-excipient study was carried out by IR spectra. They had concluded that the formulation having MCC and crospovidone have optimum drug release.20Pratibha et al. (2014) had prepared debauched disintegrating tablet by using Metoclopramide hydrochloride as active agent to quash swallowing problems. Prepared tablets by direct compression method. Compatibility were done by FTIR and DSC. option and Optimization of superdisintegrant was also done by evaluation of prepa red tablets.21Taksande JB et al (2014) had demonstrable unfaltering dissolving tablet of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory Drug Lornoxicam with unreal substance and natural superdisintegrant using direct compression method. Banana powder and soy polysaccharide were use as natural superdisintegrant and crospovidone was used as synthetic super disintegrant. They have concluded that natural superdisintegrants showed more disintegration as compared to synthetic agents and can be used instead of Synthetic materials.22Deepak Sharma et al (2014) had prepared Cetirizine Hydrochloride fast disintegrating tablet. They have used diametrical binders and disintegrants and their variant concentrations in present study. They have optimized sodium amylum glycolate as super disintegrant. need compression is used for tablet preparation. The optimized formulation is evaluated for drug release, compatibility study, accelerated stability study and concluded that the prepared formulation have quick onset of action and increases patient compliance.23Geetha lakshmi et al. (2014) had prepared fast dissolving tablets using different superdisintegrants and its different concentration. Interaction is checked by FTIR spectroscopy. The tablets were prepared and evaluated. From the prepared 9 batches they have optimized F6 as best formulation which disintegrated in 12 sulfur and released drug in 6 min up to 99.46%.24Alpana P. Kulkarni et al (2014) had prepared orally disintegrating tablet of Rizatriptan benzoate and also masked its taste. Taste masking of drug was carried out by mass blow with eudragit EPO and aminoalkylmethacrylate copolymer with different ratio. The formulation was optimized ground on drug polymer interaction and sexually transmitted diseaseulatedness score. Taste maskin was checke by in vitro release of drug in salivary fluid.25Lovleen Kaur et al (2014) had prepared Aceclofenac fast dissolving tablets by direct compression method. Lepidium sativum mucilage was selected as natural superdisintegrant and Different concentrations were also used. A 32 factorial design was use to optimize the formulation. Nine batches (D1D9) were conjecture accordingly. Two independent variables were selected and their effect on three dependent variables were studied.26Rajeshree. et al (2012) had prepared Lisinopril fast dissolving tablets using natural superdisintegrants by direct compression method. Aloe Vera and mucilage of Hibiscus rosasinensis were used as natural superdisintegrants. Compatibility was studied by FTIR spectroscopy between the drug and excipients. The formulation was evaluated for in vitro drug release. Formulation containing Hibiscus rosasinensis was demonstrate to be optimized formulation which contain disintegration in 0.26 sec. 2Murthy. et al (2012) had develop Lisinopril fast dissolving tablets using super disintegrants in different concentration by direct compression method. Superdisintegrants such as croscarmellose, crospovidone, sodium stiffen glycolate were used. completely formulations contain various proportion of drug and excipients from them crospovidone showed better drug release then other formulations.3Patel. et al (2011) had formulated nimesulide fast dissolving tablet using natural superdisintegrant lepidium sativum which is widely used as herbal medicine. gumwood was added as disintegrating agent. They have concluded that mucilage had reduced the disintegration time. The formulation also contain mannitol to increase solubility of mucilage.4Saini. et al (2011) had developed mouth dissolving tablet of anti- allergic drug Levocetirizine dihydrocloride. Tablets were prepared by using cost effective direct compression method and crospovidone was used as superdisintegrant. Different concentration were taken and they have concluded that as concentration of crospovidone increases disintegration time also increases.5Mayank. et al (2011) had formulated lorazepam fast dissolving tablet. Method was the sa me direct compression. Tablets were evaluated for disintegration time, drug release, wetting time and also compared with marketed formulation. They have concluded that the prepared tablet showed better release profile than marketed formulation. Formulation containing 12% of Croscarmellose sodium showed disintegration in 33sec and showed 95.99% drug release within 10min.6Rahul Nair et al (2011) had prepared polymorphs of Rizatriptan benzoate by solvent evaporation method. They have used many solvents like tween 80, PEG, Polyvinyl pyrrolidine, methanol. quadruplet different polymorphs were prepared and evaluated by Dissolution study, differential scanning calorimetry, infra-red assimilation spectrum, scanning electron smallscopy. They observed change in melting acme of form I and form II with compare to original drug. final conclusion was that polymorphs prepared by tween 80 showed better drug release than other forms.27Rahul Nair et al (2011) had developed steadfast lipoid nan o hints of Rizatriptan. Solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared by modified solvent Injection method. Characterization were carried out for shape, particle size, surface morphology and drug entrapment. They observed spherical shape, with particle size of 141.1-185.7 nm and smooth surface. The prepared particles showed sustained release of drug.28Raghavendra Rao. et al (2010) had developed fast dissolving tablet of chlorthalidone which have low dissolution rate by different techniques to improve its dissolution rate. From that they have showed the sublimation as best technique in which they had used 40% of camphor increases dissolution rate of drug. 7Shailesh. et al (2010) had prepared promethazine thiolate fast dissolving tablet using sodium starch glycolate, ac-di-sol and crospovidone as a super disintegrating agents. Tablets were prepared by direct compression method and evaluated for post compression parameters. They have concluded that tablets containing ac-di-sol have better dr ug release and in vitro dispersion time. 8Raghavendra Rao. et al (2010) had developed fast dissolving tablet of Carbamazepine by using solid dispersion technique. They have used different concentration of super disintegrating agent that is croscarmellose sodium and studied effect of various carriers. From the study they have concluded that formulation having mannitol as a diluent showed disintegration in 12-18 seconds.9Shirsand. et al (2010) had formulated and evaluated fast dissolving tablet by using latest solvent evaporation technique. Sodium starch glycolate and Crospovidone was world used as novel co-processed super disintegrating agents. They have concluded that formulation having 4% w/w of crospovidone was the optimized batch.9Keny RV et al. (2010) had formulated Rizatriptan benzoate fast dissolving tablet for intended benefit. Direct compression was used to prepare tablets. Crospovidone was used as super disintegrant. Tablets were evaluated for all pre compression and post compression parameters. deterrent was performed by racy performance liquid chromatography.18Gudas GK et al. (2010) had developed chlorpromazine fast dissolving tablet. The tablets were prepared by using croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, L-HPC, crospovidone, pre-gelatinised starch by using direct compression. Blend was evaluated for flow property and tablets were characterized for its thickness, hardness, disintegration and dissolution.12Randale SA et al. (2010) had developed taste masked rapid disintegrating tablet of metoclopramide. Taste masking was done by the extrusion-precipitation method by complexing drug with Eudragit in different ratio. All formulations of drug polymer complex was characterized for in vitro taste in delusive salivary fluid and drug content. Final conclusion was that the batch having drug polymer ratio 12 was optimized for taste as well as for drug release.11Khemariya P et al. (2010) had developed meloxicam mouth dissolving tablet using subl imation technology. The tablets were formulated by wet granulation tissue method. The tablets were characterized for all post compression parameters e.g. friability, hardness, wetting time and disintegration time. They have concluded that tablets prepared from sublimation of camphor were found better than tablet prepared by exposing to vacuum.15Bhardwaj S et al. (2010) had prepared accelofenac fast disintirating tablets. Tablets were prepared by direct compression technique using sodium starch glycolate as super disintegrant. All post compression parameters were tested for its performance. All the batches showed disintegration time within 28 sec.16El-Massik MA et al. (2010) had developed meclizine orally disintegrating tablets by using a maltodextrin. Tablets were prepared by direct compression as well as wet granulation method. Effect of concentration of maltodextrin was characterized by tablets disintegration time and hardness. They have concluded that maltrodextrin up to certain level produces increase in disintegration but then after decreases.17Rajalakshmi G et al. (2010) had prepared pheniramine maleate orodispersible tablets. The tablets were formulated by direct compression method. sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, low hydroxylpropyl cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch and crospovidone were used as superdisintegrants in different ratios. The blends were characterized for pre-compression parameters. Tablets were characterized for post-compression parameters.19Zade. et al (2009) had formulated Tizanidine Hydrochloride tablet and also prepared taste masked granules of drug using eudragit E 100 to make the tablet with no bitter taste. For preparation of taste masked granules mass extrusion technique was used. Tablet were prepared by synthetic disintegrants. The final coclusion was that tablets prepared by using superdisintegrants were better than prepared by sublimation method. 8Mahamuni SB et al (2009) had developed fast dissolving tablet of Promethazine HCl, which can radily disintegrate in the saliva. Taste-masked granules were prepared to mask bitter taste of drug. The taste masked granules were formulated by Eudragit E-100 using extrusion method. Tablets were formulated using taste-masked granules with other excipients like microcrystalline cellulose and starch.13Shirsand SB et al (2009) had prepared prochlorperazine maleate fast disintegrating tablets using direct compression method. One natural superdisintegrant Mucilage of plantago ovata and one synthetic superdisintegrant crospovidone were used with microcrystalline cellulose and mannitol to give sweet mouth feel. The prepared formulations were evaluated friability, wetting time, water soaking up ratio, drug content uniformity, and in vitro dispersion time. Batch containing 8% w/w of plantago ovata mucilage was optimized from the data.14Kalia A et al. (2009) had designed oxcabazepine mouth dissolving tablets. Tablets were prepared using both different methods, direct compression and solid dispersion. Direct compression was used by crospovidone as a super disintegrating agent and aspartame sweetener. Solid dispersions of drug were carried out with PVP K-30 and PEG 6000 in different concentration ratios to increase its solubility. They concluded that solid dispersions with drug carrier in ratio of 12 showed maximum drug release. From the comparison of two technologies solid dispersion was found better and gives satisfactory and reproducible results.20Swamy PV et al. (2009) had developed pheniramine maleate orodispersible tablets using effervescent method.tablets were prepared by using sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone, pregelatinized starch and croscarmellose sodium with sodium bicarbonate and tartaric acid. Prepared tablets were evaluated for all post-compression parameters. The final conclusion was that the formulation having 4% crospovidone mixed with tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonate was best.21Devireddy SR et al. (2009) had des igned levocetirizine dihydrochloride orally disintegrating tablets of using synthetic superdisintegrants (sodium starch glycollate, croscarmellose sodium, and crospovidone) and mannitol as a diluent. Taste masking was done by poly kyron T-134, Indion-204 and Tulsion-335 ion exchange resins. The drug- resin complex was formulated using the kneading method. By varying the concentration of ion-exchange resine and superdisintegrant using wet granulation method by PVP k-30 used as binder. The tablets were evaluated for disintegration time and degree of taste masked.22Okuda Y et al. (2009) had developed new preparation method for orally disintegrating tablet that has high hardness and less disintegration time. For that they have prepared rapid disintegrating granules using mannitol or lactose, saccharide was spray coated with corn starch rupture in fluidized-bed granulator. Crospovidone or hydroxypropyl starch was included in suspension as additional superdisintegrants. The prepared gran ules have large surface area, micro pore and low particle size distribution. Tablets prepared using this granules increase hardness and increased disintegration time by decreasing elastic deformation.23Singh J and Singh R. (2009) had developed meloxicam orodispersible tablets and optimized the formulation using a 22 factorial design for enhanced bioavailability. Tablets were prepared by wet granulation method having non-aqueous solvent. Crospovidone was used as superdisintegrant and mannitol as diluent as well as taste masking agent. Four batches were carried out to investigate optimum concentration of crospovidone and mannitol.26Giri TK et al (2009) had designed diazepam rapidly disintegrating tablets. The tablets were formulated by the wet granulation method. Bitter taste of drug was masked by solid dispersion using PEG-4000 and/or PEG-6000. Tablets were prepared using different concentration of PEGs. A 32 factorial design was applied to optimize the formulation and to decrease e xperimental run. They have concluded that the tablets prepared by PEG-4000 in lowest concentration was disintegrated within 33 sec and drug release was found 85% within 12 mints.24