Structuralist and Modernist Theories of Development

Structuralist and Modernist Theories of ontogenyThis hear is going to look at the rather broad question which speculation of ontogeny I find most weighty. It exit look at the different theories of development and then critically assess the theories to show that I believe modernisation hypothesis to be the most persuasive, using examples to spur up my argument. To fully engage with the question the essay go forth take off by looking at and assessing Modernisation speculation, secondly the essay will look at a structuralist approach and how it differs to modernisation conjecture. The essay will then look at political development possibleness and the differences amongst the theories, before concluding to try and show that overall the most persuasive theory of development is Modernisation.After World War Two we dictum a departure from Classical Economics and Growth Theory to Modernisation Theory. The Theory reflected both a changing worldwide political mount and develop ments made in social science circles with the journal Economic Development and Cultural Change publishing the social scientists findings of their Modernisation research . Walt Rostow presented his thesis on Modernisation theory looking at it as a five-stage process, showing countries moving from traditional societies to modern societies, the last stage for Rostow universe The age of high mass consumption ( ground ball, 2012), which is when a country maintains high economic growth for an appropriate length of time. It follows the general principles of the Modernisation theory that it is a linear process of changing older traditions, methods and anatomical structures that countries have previously followed. Rostow believed that a way for Developing countries to benefit from Modernisation was for aid from developed countries to be sent to these countries so that they could gain some productive investments. The Marshall political platform and the Alliance for Progress in Latin the States were programs that were influenced heavily by Rostows theory. The Alliance for Progress was established between the States and Latin the States to promote economic and political development within the countries (Ish-Shalom, 2004). The Alliance had a few successes, for example growth in regional extinctput in Latin America increased by 0.4% per capita, however during the sixties 13 of the governments within the alliance were taken over by a war machine dictatorship leading an abrupt failure of the alliance. By the end of the 1960s the theory of Modernisation was under attack, a main reason macrocosm because many believed that the theories linear view dismisses the extent to which societies can be truly diverse and different to other countries, especially those in the west, as these countries may fight change and resist changing their traditions, as it is assumed by authors that Third World Countries are traditional whilst Western countries are developed. In his book, Jo hn Martinussen talks about how some Modernisation theorists assume that because the archetype has worked in developed countries it will automatically transfer to work in developing countries (Hopper, 2012). Similarly, these conceits of development hugely downplay the level to which international conditions could jampack development in the South. Structuralists would argue that developing countries are powerless to moderate their own futures because modernisation theory was to focused upon endogenous factors that it overlooked orthogonal factors due to the international economic order. Structuralists focused on the structure of the international saving to look for patterns of the level of development in countries around the world. The theory is influenced by Keynesian which is a critique of classical economics and talks about how states rely upon government intervention and having a mixed economy, and that to frame developed states should focus on achieving this, as the noti on was that it would stimulate the economy and development within the country. The belief relied heavily upon governments in developing countries encouraging industrialisation through support such as financial help. Therefore, worry modernisation theory we can see that structuralism shares a belief in industrialisation in a countries development. Also, the structuralist approach is sinked in Latin American experience, where the countries were very critical of international trade and thither were attempts to discover and explain the involve of development in the cranial orbit. Raul Prebisch looked at the idea of there world a structural rift in the international economy (Edgar J. Dosman, 2012) in which Latin America sat on the bite of this rift as it had the function of universe able to provide indwelling resources, mainly serving those countries in the centre. With assistance from Prebisch CEPAL developed a theory of economic development for Latin America. This approach w as based upon the ideas that development should not be copied from Western countries but instead established so that it represents the veracity within the developing country. It also believed that protectionist policies should be adopted, such as importing tariffs on imported goods, as without such policies these countries would struggle to survive in the international free trade market as they would be in direct competition with western countries. CEPAL concluded that development, in Latin America at least, needs to take place within a capitalist system and that countries that produced industrial goods would grow faster than those which specialised in elemental commodities. Some structuralists held that countries of the Global South could over occur the unintentional restraints put on them by the already developed countries through trading between themselves (Hopper, 2012). Therefore, Structuralists would direction a policy of Import-substitution industrialisation (ISI) descri bed by Valpy Fitzgerald as being state-led industrialization, when CAPEAL was formed the organisation continued to push ISI as it was dealing with the shocks mat up within Latin America from the disruption of international trade because of the corking Depression through World War Two, and by the 1950s CEPAL cherished to create a region-wide market that would capture economies of scale in production. (Love, 2005). Manufacturing in Latin America increased yearly by 6.3% (Sheahan, cited in Hopper 2012), showing that this structuralist approach had a positive effect in this area of the Global South, however some manufacturing industries in countries with small domestic markets struggled as they had limited population size to market their goods too and were further limited by the populations low incomes, leading to reductions in foreign exchange honorarium so these industries would struggle to afford the technology needed to manufacture their goods which ISI was dependent on to wor k. ISI also ignored bureaucracy and corruption that have been a part of the states and governments throughout the world. Overall there were too many faults with some structuralists ideas and Latin America abandoned ISI after the debt crisis in the region in 1982.After the slow dissolution of ISI in Latin America, with a change state debt crisis and terms of trade for primary products deteriorating a new approach, Dependency Theory, began to come to light from radical and neo-Marxists who began with critiquing both Modernisation and Structuralist theories. Their general argument is that capitalist economy in the international community produces increased inequalities in levels of development allowing the northernmost to exploit and extract wealth from the South. Paul Baran, a Development academic, considered this structure as the morphology of backwardness. (Bellamy Foster, 2007). Within Latin America Andr Gunder Frank argued that the lack of development within these countries can be directly connected to development in other areas of the world, this is through looking at a capitalistic world system characterised by a centre-periphery dichotomy where Latin America sits on the periphery with the countries of the North in the centre, the result of this dichotomy being an unequal exchange in the international market with the North congruous developed and dominating and the South being underdeveloped and dependent. A last from dependency theorists seemed to be that capitalism needs to be abolished if underdevelopment is the result of a capitalist society. However, a challenge to the theory emerged when newly industrialised countries could nigh be seen to be bridging the gap in the dichotomy, Immanuel Wallerstein disagreed slightly with dependency theory and stated that the dichotomy had three levels centre, semi-periphery and periphery, Wallerstein developed World-systems theory. This theory sought to explain the central-periphery dichotomy produced by the Cap italist system, Wallerstein offer a more runny concept of the dichotomy saying that it is possible for countries to move in and out of these categories whether it be due to development or economic decline, this can handbill for the change in countries such as China and India (Hopper, 2012). However, critics would argue that despite Wallersteins theory that Dependency theorists underplay internal and natural causes of underdevelopment. During the 1980s Latin America witnessed an economic crisis leaving the areas GDP growth rate as 1.1% whereas its overall growth rate of its per capita GDP was negative (Shixue, 2008). This was due to flaws from the ISI vex and corruption within the region by officials. Also, many claim that the theory fails to provide answers to developing countries predicament, as the theory states that dependency is a root cause of their underdevelopment but provides no escape. There is either a need for developed countries to disconnect themselves from the inte rnational market or for a knowledgeability of a new international economic system. Therefore, Dependency theory provides micro hope to developing countries.In conclusion when analysing the different theories of development it is unpatterned that all the three main theories can be recognised as having some influence within developing countries.