Strain Controlled Triaxial Test- Geotechnical Engineering

1. INTRODUCTION From civil engineering view, Soil is the mean(a) by which the structural bucks are transferred safely and efficiently. Soil should be consistent enough to satisfy the requirements even under inevitable circumstances like earthquake, bomb reactions etc. It is necessary to incorporate the unstable make into the grease properties. Like concrete or steel, engineering properties of filthiness pilenot be found egress using theory of classical dynamics and vibrations. It basis be found only field and lab running games.To quench the higher up requirement, various techniques are employed nowadays. The most common methods are cyclicalalalal simple shear, cyclic triaxial shear and cyclic torsional shear tallys. The dynamic triaxial render is the most deedive method to arrive the unmoving and dynamic properties of poop like cyclic deformation, damping ratio, liquefaction strength etc. Though it has some limitations, it is widely utilise for the analysis of soil under seismic forces. The fundamental literary arguments obtained from this test are cyclic shear try out and cyclic shear colour, through which the soil is defined.The tests burn be do either by nisus engageled (cyclic shear tense) or flex controlled (cyclic shear judge). The test setups are super sophisticated and costly. It needs highly skilled labour. The measuring devices utilise in the system needs to be calibrated and sealed properly as it is more sensitive to disturbances. The results obtained reflect the site seismic condition to the level best level provided the strain level is kept minimum. Fig 1. 1 Triaxial cadre Fig 1. 2. A typical Cyclic triaxial tool 1. 1WHY DYNAMIC TRIAXIALThe alive(p) forces are time dependent and are usually cyclic in nature i. e. they involve several oscillations of shipment, set down and reloading. Earthquake is three dimensional in nature. Hence the shear waves and body waves produced by the earthquake course to deform th e soil in all the directions (for the horizontal level ground). self-propelled Triaxial tests actually reflect the soil condition (in all round tensenesses) in the site. During earthquakes, the seismic waves feature the escaped smoothen to contract and thereby transmit magnitude the stoma water pressure.Under undrained loading, development of high pore pressure results in upward flow of water, thereby making the linchpin in molten condition. Pore water pressure is stepd efficaciously in triaxial tests. Among the tense-control and strain-control condition, strain control is adopted widely. This is because stress-control test has great sensitiveness to the ideal disturbance. In case of strain-control, pore pressure developed during tests is slight affected by specimen fabric and assiduousness. The tests can be done on intact specimens and reconstituted specimens.While comparing the results obtained from intact and reconstituted specimens, there is a good deal deviatio n in stress-control compared to strain-control. (tests done by vucetic and dobry, in 1988). filter out pathway control is used in the study of path dependence of soil deportment. direction deformation and strength characteristics depend on initial static stress field, initial negate ratio, pulsating stress level and the frequency of loading. 1. 2APPLICATIONS thither are variety of engineering problems which rely heavily on the behaviour of soils under dynamic conditions.These entangles design and the remediation Of machine foundation, geotechnical earthquake engineering, justification against construction vibration, non-destructive characterization of the subsurface, design of offshore structures, screening of rail and occupation motherd vibrations, vibration isolation etc. When it comes to dynamic triaxial test, the wide drop of application is the liquefaction behaviour of soil under seismic forces. 2. HISTORY superstar of the first pieces of equipment designed to test c yclic triaxial loading was the pendulum loading apparatus by Casagrande and Shannon in 1949.This utilizes the energy of the a pendulum which when released from a selected height, strikes a stick out connected to the piston rod of a hydraulic cylinder, this cylinder is advance connected to another cylinder turn up above the cel. The time of loading was between 0. 05 and 0. 01 sec. Fig. 2. 1. Pendulum Loading instrument Casagrande and Shannon came up with an equipment called Falling smooth instrument as shown in Fig. 2. 2 In 1960, Sead and fead used Pneumatic governing body for cyclic loading. It marks the evolution of the dynamic triaxial shear apparatus. Fig. 2. 2. Falling Beam Apparatus 3.PRINCIPLE First attempt was made by spill and Lee (1966) by consolidating a unadulterated sample under a confining pressure and subjected to constant bountifulness cyclic axial stress under undrained conditions. This test was performed till they deformed to a certain amount of peak axi al strain. Under this condition creates a stress conditions on a plane of 45 through the sample which is the resembling as those produced on the horizontal plane in the ground during earthquakes. This is the innovation on which the cyclic triaxial test works. Fig. 3. 1. Simulation of geostatic and cyclic stress in triaxial test.Shear stress is taken into account as it causes deformation. To incorporate seismic do, alike shear stress for a given cycle is adopted for non-uniform stress time data. To achieve that a maximum shear stress is multiplied by a correction factor ?. Then the test is carried out till need deformation or failure to occur. 4. EQUIPMENT 4. 1. part of Dynamic triaxial apparatus suggested by ASTM D 3999 91(2003) APPARATUSPURPOSECONSIDERATION 1. Triaxial compress CellTo mount sample and conduct testTolerance for piston, top platen & low grinding piston seal.Ball bearings and friction sealTo minimise frictionFriction can be, 2 % of the maximum single amplit ude cyclic load Load rodTo facilitate loadingdia = 1/6th of specimen dia type cap & BaseTo provide a sealed platform Rigid, non corrosive, impermeable, Cap pack 0. 5% of applied axial failure load (static), Valves To regulate thorn pressure, carrel pressure, pore water pressureLeak-proof, withstand applied pressure squeeze and bottom platensTo facilitate loading and provide a rigid baseProper alignment, load rod sealed with top platen with friction seal. 2.Cyclic Loading EquipmentTo induce cyclic loads Uniform sine wave 0. 1 to 2 Hz, simple ram or a closed hand-build electro hydraulic system 3. Recording EquipmentsTo record the data obtainedProperly calibrated Load MeasurementTo vizor the cyclic loadsElectrical, analog or digital Axial deformation MeasurementTo measure the strain rateLVDT or dial guages bosom ControlTo regulate cell pressureMercury or pneumatic device Pore Pressure transducerTo measure pore pressureTransducers or electronic pressure meters Volume change M easurementTo check the volume change in the specimenCalibrated and widely used guages 3.Miscellaneous a. Rubber membrane b. stress paper To hold the specimen To facilitate saturation Leak-proof with minimum bulwark Must not cover more than 50% of the specimen. Fig. 4. 1. Schematic draw of a stain-controlled dynamic triaxial test 4. 2WORKING PROCEDURE The working mechanism chiefly involves three phases a)Saturation phaseInitially the back is sample saturated by habituateing cell and back pressure simultaneously. (cell pressure back pressure) b)Consolidation phase during test, void ratio should be kept constant. It is obtained in this phase. Back pressure valve is closed. )Load stagecoach Actual test begins here. Strain rate is fixed using train system. Cyclic load is applied either using hydraulic or pneumatic type. Loads and corresponding strains are recorded at loading, unloading and reloading. Test is continued until the required strain or failure occurs. 5. RESULTS From the cyclic triaxial test, we can obtain various graphs for detailed analysis, Load Vs Deformation Deviatoric Stress Vs Time Axial Strain (%) Vs Time Excess Pore Pressure Vs Axial Strain (%) Excess Pore Pressure Vs Time Deviatoric Stress Vs Axial Strain (%) Fig. 5. 1. Axial load Vs. axial deformationFrom the hysteresis loop obtained, the dynamic Youngs modulus (Ed) can be calculated, from which shear modulus (G) can be calculated using poissons ratio (). Damping factor (D) can also be calculated from the loop obtained. Shear Modulus, G = Ed / 2(1+) Damping factor,D = Ai / 4? At Ai ? Area of Loop At ? Area of shaded portion 6. Discussions Two series of undrained cyclic triaxial strain controlled tests were performed by Mladen Vucetic and Richardo Dobry, on two different Imperial Valley, California, silty gutss which liquefied during an earthquake in 1981. Both intact and reconstituted specimens were tested.The cyclic shear strain is the fundamental parameter governing pore pressure buildup. The saturated deposit is composed of two layers an upper, looser, sandy silt unit located between 2. 6 m and 3. 5 m depth, containing more fines (37%) (sand A), and the lower, loose to medium-dense sand unit located between 3. 5 m and 6. 8 m, containing less fines (25%) and (sand B). Selected plots of normalized cyclic shear stress, ? cy* = ? cy/? c and normalized residual pore pressure, u* = u/? c, versus number of uniform strain cycles, nc, up to nc = 30, are shown in Figs. 6. 1 and 4 for sands A and B, respectively, ? y above is the amplitude of cyclic shear stress acting on 45 planes at bottom the specimen, with ? cy= ? dc/2 , where ? dc is the cyclic deviatoric stress amplitude, and u is the hive away residual cychc pore pressure at the end of the pertinent strain cycle, derived from metres at the point of the cycle at which the cyclic stress ? dc = ? cy = 0. Fig. 6. 1 Comparison of results obtained on intact and reconstituted specimens of sand A The effect of sand fabric, that is, the difference between results obtained on reconstituted and intact specimens, is analyzed contiguous for both sands A and B, with the help of Figs. . 1 and 6. 2. It can be readily noticed in these two figures that the residual pore pressures in cyclic triaxial strain-controlled tests are practically unaffected by the change of sand fabric (u* versus nc curves), while, on the contrary, soil stiffness is significantly affected (? cy* versus nc curves). This is peculiarly noticeable in Fig. 6. 2. Fig. 6. 2 Comparison of results obtained on intact and reconstituted specimens of B. Fig. 6. 3 Residual pore pressure in reconstituted specimens of sands A and sand B It must also be noticed that the range of cyclic shear stresses measured at a given cyclic strain in Figs. . 1 and 6. 2, for the two sands and for the two types of specimen fabric, is kinda wide, in contrast to the corresponding range of pore pressures in Fig. 6. 3, which is very narrow. This confirms once a gain that cyclic shear strain is the fundamental parameter governing pore pressure buildup, and that use of strain-controlled examination represents the most appropriate, as rise as the most convenient, approach currently available for military rating of seismic pore pressures and liquefaction of level ground sites. 7. FACTORS AFFECTING CYCLIC lastingnessEffect of Confining Stress Critical void ratio is not a constant but decreases as confining pressure increases. The stress ratio decreases with increasing confining pressure. Effect of Loading Wave defecate As the load data obtained from history are converted into uniform cycle by ?. The order of increasing strength was rectangular, triangular and sine Effects of Frequency on Cyclic Strength The frequency effects have only a minor ( 10 percent) effect on cyclic strength of the soils. The slower loading frequency have jolly higher strength.Effects of Relative Density At relative densities 50%, complete liquefaction occurred almo st simultaneously, and relative densities above 70% were required for recourse against large strains. Effects of size & Gradation Well-graded material was somewhat weaker than uniformly graded material. This finding was attributed to a greater densification tendency in well-graded soils, as finer particles move into voids between larger particles, than occurs in uniformly graded soils. This densification tendency causes increased pore pressure.Effects of try out on strain history Once a specimen has liquefied and reconsolidated to a denser structure, despite this densification, the specimen is much weaker to cyclic stresses reapplied. Effects of oer consolidation Ratio and Ko The maximum deviator stress required to cause a critical strain for a specified number of cycles increases with the Ko ratio. Also the cyclic strength increases as OCR and fines nub increase. 8. VALIDATION The validation of the apparatus is done by successive tests, police detectives experience and availabl e equipments.Mladen vucetic and richardo dobry conducted two series (Intact and Reconstituted Specimens) of undrained cyclic triaxial tests on Imperial Valley, California, silty sands which liquefied during an earthquake in 1981. The results were compared and the experimental set up was validated. Further the tests were conducted on different types of sand and validated. 9. DEVELOPMENTS Since 1966, there has been a considerable improvements in the triaxial testing apparatus run across results of higher accuracy and efficiency. Initially stress controlled methods were used, then strain controlled methods were adopted.To apply loads, initially hydraulic jack was used, then pneumatic system was used and then electro piezometer. Likewise there are so many advancements of triaxial tests. rough of the advancements are discussed below. Chan (1981), and Li et al (1988) Fig. 7. 1. , have developed a usual electro-pneumatic apparatus which incorporates many advancements in apparatus design and operation. Fig. 9. 1. Electro-pneumatic Apparatus automated Cyclic Triaxial system is the next development, which is the most comonly used apparatus. It is well cognize for its automated input and outputSystem, data acquisition and quick results. Fig. 9. 2. change Triaxial System 9. 1 RECENT ADVANCEMENTS GDS Entry level Dynamic triaxial testing system ?Technical Specifications ?Maximum in operation(p) Frequency 5Hz ?Minimum Operating Frequency 0. 001Hz ?Highly accurate dynamic, electro-mechanical actuator ?Available sample sizes (depending on cell selection) 38 x 76mm (or ? 39. 1 x 78. 2mm) to ? 150 x 300mm. Fig. 9. 3. GDS historic period ? 16-Bit dynamic data logging ?16 Bit dynamic actuator control channel ?Cell pressure range to 2MPa (dependent of cell choice) ?Small science lab foot print No hydraulic power pack required ?Standard Triaxial cells can be used (upgraded to dynamic seals and bearings) ? potbelly be upgraded to perform P and S wave bender element testin g. ?Can be upgraded to perform unsaturated triaxial testing with the addition of the following items a)Unsaturated stall with high air entry porous stone. b)1000cc digital air Pressure/volume controller (ADVDPC) for the application of pore air pressure and measurement of air volume change c)Optional HKUST double cell (available in the data sheet Unsaturated Triaxial exam of Soil (UNSAT).As well as dynamic triaxial tests, the ELDyn system can be utilised to carry out traditional triaxial tests such as UU, CU and CD as well as more advanced tests such as stress paths, K0 and springy Modulus tests. HS28. 610 cyclic triaxial test system is also a sophisticated apparatus available in Newdelhi (India). DYNATRIAX is another advanced cyclic triaxial equipment available at many places Los Angeles, Poland and many countries. It can operate at a maximum frequency of 10Hz. 10. CONCLUSION Many innovative systems for cyclic loading of soil have emerged in geotechnical engineering.Each system ha s its unique advantages and limitations. Some slipway of minimizing these limitations have been pointed out. The advanced equipments are an additional tool for performing cyclic loading, in particular liquefaction testing. Extreme care must be used in preparing remoulded sand specimens, and special attention must be compensable to testing techniques in order to obtain reproducible test results. In particular, the method of specimen preparation, the shape of the loading wave form, and the preciseness of density determinations greatly affect cyclic strength.Hence, development of ASTM standards for cyclic triaxial testing should include consideration of these factors in the results of this investigation. 11. REFERENCES ASTM D 3999 Determination of Modulus and Damping Properties of Soils Using the Cyclic Triaxial Apparatus Advanced triaxial testing of soil and rock Page 484 by Robert T. Donaghe, Ronald C. Chaney, marshall L. Silver Chan, C. K. , 1981, An Electropneumatic Cyclic Load ing System, Geotechnical scrutiny Journal, ASTM, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 183-187. Dynamic Geotechnical Testing H Ronald J. Ebelhar, Vincent P. Drnevich, and Bruce L. Kutter. STP 1213 ASTM PublicationDynamic Geotechnical Testing a symposium by Marshall L. Silver Khosla, V. K. and Singh, R. D. , Apparatus for Cyclic Stress Path Testing, Geoteehnical Testing Journal, GTJODJ, Vol. 6, No. 4, Dec. 1983, pp. t65-172. Fundamental of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering By Prasad. Soil Liquefaction, a critical state approach by mike Jefferies & Ken Been Kramer, Steven L. , Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996 Townsend, F. C, A Review of Factors change Cyclic Triaxial Teste, Dynamic Geotechnical Testing, ASTM STP 654, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1978, pp. 356-383.

Honda Environmental Leadership Essay

Honda Motor Co. is the prominentst motor cycle manufacturer and a leading automaker in the field. With a worldwide ne devilrk of over 501 subsidiaries, Hondas diverse portfolio includes sm each sized cosmopolitan innovation engines to scooters and sports cars. The philosophical clay of Honda Motor Co. is sanitary entrenched with the Japanese culture of act the triple joys. The triple joys reflect the joys of buying, selling and creating. The go with has been sectionalisationicularly know world over for its initiatives in tackling environmental challenges.Although environmental concerns and need for reciprocative action became eminent in the mid 1980s, Hondas efforts in this counsellor can be attributed to the 1960s when air pollution was first to a lower placesas welld. The environmental leadership at Honda is deeply rooted in the political partys vision to be a ph mavinr that the society wants to exist (Honda Motors, 2010). right away people doneout the world s quander become conscious of the damage automobiles can do to our environment. Thus we see environment friendly self-propelling technologies emerging in response to uncovering environmental situation.The concept of commonalty Motoring has taken shape, which involves using alternative give the sacks in order to void air pollution. Among the efforts automotive manufacturers take to contribute to the environment, is the use of fuels generated from bio alcohols and bio mass. Green drive is now focused on using hydrogen as a fuel (Green Field H 2008). The vision of the company is indeed too radical, at least with respect to environment protection. Wanting to see itself as an entity that the society doesnt object, is indeed an unprecedented thought, reflecting its rationality of public thinking.This philosophy also highlights the importance it attaches to public perception of environmental degradation. The company seems to suppose that the society will allow it to exist merely if it is compliance with its expectations. It is and so no wonder that Honda had taken a leadership role well ahead of its competitors, proactively. The environmental impact has been fully analyzed, encompassing its manufacturing process, the vehicles manufactured, the support activities uniform administration, transportation etc. The environment friendly initiatives argon reflected in all its subsidiaries throughout the world.Honda seems to have made environmental concern a section of its global strategy. All Honda operations throughout the world, have a operative bearing with respect to environment protection for the countries in which they operate. Discussion Honda seeks to constitute new value by incorporating innovative ideas that reflect the changing needs. The company is committed to the future, by minimizing its effects on the environment and its intake of cosmoss resources. A recent survey by DuPont and the Society of self-propelled Industry (SAE) has identified environme ntal concerns as cosmos the biggest challenge for the industry. harmonise to Chris Murphy DuPont aspireor, environmental considerations atomic number 18 transforming vehicle design and evolution and have become a differentiator in the marketplace. About 54% of the respondents apothegm fuel efficient vehicles with reduced environmental impact as being primary to the consumers (Laura 2008). On its part, Honda seeks to address climate change, produced due to higher tightness of CO2, CFC and other greenhouses gases. By introducing hybrid and fuel economizing technologies, CO2 emissions be not provided reduced in Honda vehicles, but throughout its constitutional corporate activity.With regard to depletion of resources, Honda has been developing technologies, solar cellphone ontogeny and dexterity saving technologies. The company is well set to be ahead of the stipulations evaluate of it, as a vehicle manufacturer. The ongoing regulations ar only judge to get tougher with t ime, and vehicle manufacturer in particular have to be well prepared to achieve the compulsory standards. The Corporate Average kindle Economy (CAFE) requires cars and SUVs to increase their fuel efficiency by more or less 4% each year. Thus by 2020, a fuel efficiency of virtually 35 miles per gallon has to be achieved (Crawley, 2007).The compliance of Honda to environmental concerns is evident from its 1972 development of the CVCC engine in compliance with the US Clean Air Act, which was the worlds toughest emission regulation of the time. The company pursued its development of catalytic converter and other such clean emission technologies in the hold four decades resulting in its vehicles emissions being reduced to 1/1000 of its 1970 levels. Honda is shortly promoting its Green Factory initiative worldwide, together with energy saving and snitch reduction initiatives in its non-production activities.About 324 subsidiaries including 224 non-manufacturing companies have been covered by this (Honda Motors, 2010). The direct and indirect energy consumption at Honda Motors is shown in Appendix 1, musical composition region wise energy, water consumption and swash are shown in Appendix 2. The genuine efforts in wanting to pass a lovely natural environment to the future generation is reflected in the company context of use up its own independent goals and working towards the same. Some of the notable concepts in Honda environmental aspirations areGreen fomite development Striving towards development of zero emission for all its vehicles, Honda became the first Japanese company to adopt with the recent emission regulations. The company developed a special cancel out air crack system and a programmed system for fuel injection which is currently used in its VFR motorcycle. The companys 50cc Giorno Crea scooter is highly fuel efficient and also environment friendly. Fuel Cell galvanising Vehicle (FCEV) Even as early as 1986, Honda had been involved in t he development of a hydrogen powered fuel cell electric vehicle, today seen in the form of FCX Clarity FCEV.The car has been the result of two decades of work by Hondas engineers, in an effort to truly touch on the earths environment. The car uses an electric motor and a fuel cell mountain and does not emit any CO2. When the fuel cell stack was developed for the first time in 1999, it was too large and bulky. Through continuous research and development the fuel cell stack underwent transformation to become smaller and lighter and yet more potent (American Honda, 2010). This in turn enabled the vehicle to become elegant and comfortable.The highlights of FCX Clarity FCEV are Only water vapor emission Reduces carbon dioxide emissions significantly show as a zero emission vehicle (ZEV) Green head teacher The Green dealer concept streamlines and enables efficient use of water, electricity and report through continuous opinions and improvements of existing systems. The concept i s directed at conservation of the environment and keeping the polluting activities to a minimum (HMSI, 2007). Creating an awareness of environment among the employees and the general public is also a part of this scheme.Goal setting Hondas efforts towards environmental preservation are reflected through individually defined targets. In 2006 it set emission reduction goals for CO2 emission, to be reached by 2010. In 2007 the company set targets for reduce environmental impact, also intended to be achieved by 2010. The company is on track to reach targets. The future is only getting tougher for the vehicle manufacturers, though Honda is firmly set to meet the required goals. While setting environmental goals for itself, across global operations, Honda has been too expound in its approach.The company approached the environment problem from several perspectives. As part of its global environmental policy, Honda sets specific goals with regard to its Life Cycle judging System, by whic h the environmental impact is measured and analyzed. Apart from monitoring and reducing its emissions, it also studied and monitored the impact on environment due to its emissions. The company through its suppliers and partners, thus sought solutions through innovations and technologies, to look for ways to be in harmony with nature.Honda of Canada Manufacturing (HCM) was among the first auto manufacturers to receive the ISO 14001 certification. HCM today recycles about 99% of its production waste and is working towards 100% recycling (Cambridge cracker Honda, 2010). The company is credited with bringing the first Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) to Canada. In 2003 when it started production of the Civic GX, the car was rated by the EPA as having the cleanest IC engine in the world. In 2002 March, Honda introduced the Honda life cycle assessment system (LCA) to estimate the environmental impact of its products.CO2 is one of the main elements that are monitored through this assessment of products, from manufacturing to disposal. Corresponding to the levels detected, targets are set for all domains including production, gross revenue and service, and administration, with initiatives implemented to achieve targets. In 2007 Honda introduced the product life cycle assessment system (LCA) which revolves on the CO2 emissions from a single vehicle through its lifetime. The calculations revealed that 78% of CO2 emissions are associated with product use and 6% during its emission.The company can now assess CO2 emissions more accurately, for every outlook of the vehicles life, thus contributing to reduction efforts. The CO2 targeted reductions are thus directed at 80% of the total emissions, with regard to LCA. endpoint and recommendations All sectors of global economy are increasingly coming under environmental regulations to ensure that all business practices, no longer occur with disregard to the environment. The vehicle manufacturers are among the earliest to receive s uch stipulations as vehicles are a major contributor to pollution.These manufacturers are faced with a challenge of optimizing lean manufacturing and environment conservation. While the two aspects of manufacturing are important, the approaches to twain are different, and have a huge bearing on the makeups success. Honda is indeed an automaker with a vision for a bear on future, as evident from its setting up environment based goals and policies, proactively. The waste reduction culture at Honda indeed has obvious benefits for the environment (Maxwell, 1998). at that place are several societies and organizations that make up this world of ours. The culture and priorities of these are widely varied. Not all their approaches and intentions are the same. This reflects their attitude towards environment too. Although we piece of ground the same environment, there is no guarantee that competitors would be equally bear on of the environment. When some organizations take immense pain and effort to protect the environment, commit immensely in it, their competitors can easily make profits by avoiding or manipulating these.Environmental protection requires fundamentally an understanding, a concern of ones actions on the environment. Honda has set an exceptional example by understanding its actions on the environment, and taking cautious and big steps towards ensuring a sustainable environment. The environment is a common habitat for all, whether one indulges in pollution or not. Organizations should follow the footsteps of Honda with a sense of same involvement and dedication, for only then we can give a future to the following generations.

Case Write Up Barbara Wilson Essay

The principal(prenominal) challenge of Barbara Wilson as a Regional Sales Manager is to worry with the drop in growth of gross revenue and earnings of the Food immingle Company. She is supposed to provide some ideas to increase the growth of gross revenue. Here for she demand the service of process of the District Sales Manager and the Sales Representatives, but unluckily she just got vague answers from them and didnt receive valuable feedback.Thats wherefore Barbara is not able to keep up or increase sales in her area. ace of the main reasons for her difficulty is the communication between Barbara and her aggroup. The team doesnt trust her, they dont see her as unity of them, thats one of the reasons, why they dont try to help her with providing ideas for the sales growth by sharing their knowledge. Another cause for the problem of Barbara is the structure of the Food Mix Company (FMC).Employees, who have a vast work experience (for example 18 or even 36 years) on the s ame job at FMC dont conduct promoted, instead they have managers, like Barbara, who are much younger and well-trained, with some years of work experience and little knowledge about trade characteristics and field work. This is frustrating for the employees and doesnt support a good congenator between them and their managers. Another reason for Barbaras problem lies is the motivational musical arrangement at FMC.The reward in the form of a bonus is everlastingly paid at the end of the year and depends on completing the annual fanny, which is defined by the top of the performance from last year. The sales team is not motivated for an outstanding good performance, because this will raise the target for the next year. Thats why, they try to keep the information about the brand-new market segment (older people) as a secret and hide this alpha strategic information from the top management.They dont realize the grandeur of this information for helping to find a solution for decr easing sales. One option for Barbara to handle these problems is the improvement of the communication between her and the team. She should try to anatomy trust by showing interest in the work and problems of the sales representatives and show them, that she is one of them, for example by consumption time with the sales representatives on team meetings, workshops or joining them in the field.By spending more time with her team, Barbara would recognize the existing problems and could try to solve them by talking to the top management and find a better substance for the motivation system. Another benefit of improving the communication between Barbara and her team is the chance in improving the intelligibility of the team for the strategies and problems of the FMC, so they would understand the grandness of sharing their knowledge.

Critical Reflection

reprehension is one of the close to all-important(prenominal) parts of any forms of withdrawing, and is a great tool to be utilise to allow for greater learning. Reflection whether being a student at primary school, a university student or a member of the workforce has an effect on constructing knowledge about a person and the instauration around them. It is a vital part of any learning bonk and will form the backbone in the transformation from study to lotion in a field.Reflection can be defined as taking a look back on get laids in most contexts, and looking back at the experience analysing and learning from it so thusly constructing the knowledge and making the person more knowledgeable and informed. detailed Reflection is the process of analysing, reconsidering and questioning experiences within a broad context of issues (e. g. , issues cogitate to social justice, curriculum development, learning theories, politics, culture, or use of technology). (Wertenbroch & Nabet h, 2000) People learn by engaging in experiences that allow them utilise their senses and interact with a accede matter. In addition to this interaction, reflection allows for one to link a recent experience with an interrelated mental experience which allows for the development of high order thinking skills. Dewey (1933) Many philosophers consider Dewey the contemporary inventor of reflection, as most of his ideas stem from those of many famous philosophers from the likes of Aristotle, Confucius and Plato.Read also Critical tasting of the poem Old Ladies Home.Critical Reflection In an article by Jack Mezirow (How Critical Reflection triggers Transformative development) he states that Critical reflection involves a critique of the presuppositions on which our beliefs have been built. Learning may be defined as the process of making a new or revised interpretation of the meaning of an experience, which guides subsequent understanding, appreciation and action. He implies by this statement that not just having an experience will somebody just learn from that but also reflecting on the experience and appreciating and understanding the experience in order to reap the wide-eyed benefits of learning it. (Murray, Kujundzic, 2005) define four activities that atomic number 18 central to critical reflection.These are oAssumption analysis This is step number one and involves a person to think in such a way that it challenges how they apprehend certain cultural and social values and practices in order to pull in here impact on their daily lives oContextual sense Which highlights the social and personal significance of historic and cultural contexts. o creative speculation Thinking of other ways to go about habitual practices to challenge the current ways of knowledge. oReflective scepticism The interaction of all of the three above mentioned activities, and the ability to think about the subject at hand in order to determine an action or viability of a matte r.

Prevalence of smoking and drinking Essay

Adolescence, from Latin word adolescere which heart to grow up is a transitional stand for of physical and psychological human prohibitedgrowth gener every(prenominal)y occurring between puberty and legal adulthood. It is near tight associated with juvenile years. Adolescence is further divided into three much(prenominal) st ripens, the early (12-14 years centenarian), middle(a) (15-17 years old) and late adolescence (18-20/21 years old). In each level of human development, in that location argon physical, emotional and physiological changes that happen. This is based from the design that humans conf drug ab map developmental tasks that should be accomplish per stage.In the adolescence stage, adolescents ar in critical stage because teenagers argon undefendable to a large environment (Macmillan Dictionary for Students, 1981). Background of the weigh Nowadays, teenagers that ar exposed to un corresponding environment are now manoeuverd to fume and drunkenness s pirituous beverages for whatsoever modestnesss. The strong association between binge deglutition and weed among adolescents whitethorn be attri further open, in part, to the fact that both adolescent inebriant use and tobacco use share a number of sociocultural risk factors.Researchers suck found that these factorsincluding family and peer specifys, demographics, advertising, economics, and intoxi erectt and tobacco avail able-bodiednessare associated with adolescents initial and continued tobacco and alcohol use (Bobo, J. and Corinne Husten, 2000). harmonize to the U. S. Surgeon General Report (1994), approximately 80% of adult stoolrs started fume before the age of 18. Every day, well-nigh 3,000 one-year-old muckle on a lower floor the age of 18 become regular smokers and an estimated 2. 1 million volume began green goddess on a daily basis in 1997. more than(prenominal) than half of these upstart daily smokers were younger than age 18. This translates to more than 3,000 new youth smokers per day. The rate of youth cornerstone of daily roll of tobacco increase somewhat from 55. 5 to 74. 9 per 1,000 potential new users between 1991 and 1996, moreover remained level in 1997 (the 1998 National Household Survey on dose Abuse). It is state that young bulk who come from a lowincome family and brace few than two adults living in their household are especially at risk for becoming smokers and those with poorer grades and lower self-images are most standardizedly to install about. utilise tobacco. Over the past decade, thither has been virtually no even out in fume rates among all teens. Among black adolescents, however, the prevalence of roll of tobacco has declined dramatically. virtually young people who smoke are addicted to nicotine and were reported that they indispensableness to quit but are unable to do so (Statistics on Teens, 1994). In 2002, Komro and Toomey give tongue to that alcohol use by underage drunkennessers is a persistent earth wellness problem in the United States, and alcohol is the most greenly apply drug among adolescents.Accordingly, numerous approaches withdraw been authentic and studied that aim to prevent underage drunkenness. Alcohol use initiation rates for children rise quickly from age 10 up to around age 13, when they reach more than 50 portion. Subsequently, initiation rates begin to slow again (Kosterman, R. et al. , 2000). Moreover, alcohol is the most commonly use drug among adolescents. According to Epstein, J. et al. , alcohol use continues to be an of import existence health problem.Recent national survey entropy indicate that 41% of watercourse 8th graders, 62% of 10th graders, 73% of 12th graders and 85% of college students endure used alcohol. Even more troubling is that 11% of 8th graders, 22% of 10th graders, 25% of 12th graders and 40% of college students reported heavy occasional fuddle. Domingo and Marquez found large gender leavings in the risk-taking behaviors among Filipino adolescents and youths. Men are much more likely than women to drink, smoke, and use drugs.The large gender difference in risk-taking behavior among adolescents and youths is rather common in Asian countries but not in the U. S. In our case, The Philippines has no national law regularization fastball and sale of tobacco products. there is no minimum age requirement for the purchase of poofs and no law regulating the advertising and procession of cigarettes. There is no law that requires the printing of warning labels on cigarette packages. Instead, the National Tobacco Administration (NTA) is supposed to protect and promote the equilibrise and integrated growth of the tobacco industry.Despite the results of a survey which recite that 72 per cent of the polled adult population was supportive of having a statute law banning dope advertisements. There are more restrictions on boozing than skunk especially of the minors. Those who are less than 18 years old are 2 page prohibited from purchasing or drinking sousing drinks. However, the enforcement of this regulation is weak (Choe, M. and Corazon Raymundo, 2001). Objectives This study aimed to fixate the prevalence of sess and drinking of torrent beverages among senior blue aim students specifically1. to comparing the prevalence of weed and drinking of cloudburst beverages between senior students of man and head-to-head soaring-pitcheder(prenominal) rail 2. to contrast the occurrence of hummer and drinking soaker beverages among senior steep naturalise masculines and egg-producing(prenominal)s 3. to identify and downright the reasons wherefore senior elevated take aim students smoke and drink lush beverages 4. to determine the cognizance office of senior luxuriously school students in damage of the make of smoking and drinking waterspout beverages on their physiological health and 5.to identify the effect of smoking and drinking of alcoho lic beverages on the br separatelyising of senior utmost up school students.Review of Related Literature There are different factors affecting different behaviors of adolescents. cardinal social conjecture studied by Travis Hirschi (1969) is a more ordinary explanation of distortion than deterrence theory, but which is, in turn, primarily restricted to informal social control which comes from individuals being bonded to assorts and institutions.1236 grade 9-13 students from 62 randomly selected classrooms in 3 Canadian schools in the Borough of East York, 1 of Metropolitan Torontos 6 municipalities, were surveyed in December 1994 about their alcohol drinking beliefs and behaviors, and related lifestyle behaviors. Findings are based upon the analysis of data from 628 boys and 608 girls, of whom 799 were born in Canada. 24% of the students reported never having tasted alcohol, 22% had tasted alcohol but were not trustworthy drinkers, 39% were current moderate drinkers, 11% drank at 3varlet least 5 drinks per occasion at least once per month, and 5% did not answer.The most much stated reasons for not drinking were family bringing up and they believed adverse effects of alcohol consumption upon health, while the most often stated reasons for drinking were because it is an enjoyable experience and to transmit into a troupe mood. Respondents drinking patterns were significantly related to gender, ethnicity, grade, and the reported drinking habits of parents and friends. Older potent adolescents who describe themselves as Canadian are more likely to drink heavily than are students who are younger or womanly, or self-identify as Asian or European.Current heavy drinkers are at great risk than different students of engaging in otherwise high-risk behaviors such as drinking and driving, riding with an intoxicated automobile driver, and smoking all(prenominal) day (Feldman et al. , 1999). In one of the surveys in US, half of respondents knew of a da ub near their school where kids could go to drink and depict high during the school day, harmonize to the yearly back-to-school survey, which polled 1,003 12-to-17-years old. And more than one-third verbalise that students had ample luck during the school day to drug, drink and smoke without getting caught.Drug use in both human race and occult schools is on the rise, with 54 percent of individual(a) high school students reporting that drugs are available in their schools versus 24 percent in 2002 and 61 percent of students at macrocosm schools saying their schools are drug infected, compared with 46 percent in 2002. The researchers looked closely at the purpose of social media in teen substance use and found 75 percent of surveyed 12 to 17-year-olds verbalize make up ones minding pictures of teens partying with alcohol or marijuana on social networking sites such as Facebook or MySpace encourages them to party similarly (Gardner, 2012).Forty-five percent of teens well-nig h 11 million utter they meet seen such pictures online and 47 percent of those teens said that it seems like pictured teens are having a full(a) time. Teens who look at seen these pictures were found to be four multiplication more likely to fuck off used marijuana, more than three times likelier to have used alcohol, and almost three times more likely to have used tobacco (CBSnews, 2012). 4Page In the awareness of teenagers on the health risks of smoking and drinking, it was found in one of the studies that teenagers conceive of that smoking is more dangerous than smoking.Teen smoking has declined in all three grades included in the studygrades 8, 10, and 12. Still, almost 19 percent of 12th graders reported current (past-month) cigarette use. This decline shows that more teens realize the harm smoking does to your body and are mold the decision not to start. Also, teens attitudes about smoking have changed. They increasingly elect to date nonsmokers and believe smoking t o be a dirty habit. Likewise, among nearly all grades, trends over the past 5 years showed significant decreases in alcohol use, including first-time use, occasional use, daily use, and binge drinking.As with smoking, this decline may be the result of more teens conceiveing the risk of drinking alcohol and disapproving of this behavior (The Sara Bellum Blog, 2012). How teenagers feel about themselves plays a significant role in whether they choose to drink or use other drugs, according to a new report released today by SADD and Liberty unwashed Group. The Teens Today 2003 study as well as reveals that a teens scent out of Self, can influence sexual behavior, reaction to peer ram, and, importantly, be bear upon by a teens relationships with parents (Henderson and Greenberg, 2004).Research has shown that the media over estimates smoking rates and often associates smoking with favorable attributes or situations. Given that the media plays a large role in influencing youth culture , portrayal of smoking in the media is of concern. In dress to explore young peoples apprehensions of smoking imagery in the media, 16 focus conclaves were conducted with 117 school students. Participants were asked to rate smoking images selected from audiovisual and print media, and to discuss their perceptions of these images. The results showed that young people compassd smoking in these media selections to be radiation diagram and acceptable.They identified with the stress relieving and social aspects of smoking, disdain being well aware of the harmful health effects. Its acceptability as part of a feeble image was also noted. Positive images of smoking in the media have the potential to down play the serious health consequences of smoking by portraying it in a way that young people interpret as a 5Page normal part of everyday life. They may also encourage a more neutral or tolerant attitude towards smoking among young people and therefore act to counteract other health promotion efforts to tighten up teenage smoking (Watson et al., 2003).6Page METHODOLOGY The Participants In the study of determining the prevalence of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages among senior students from clubby and humankind high schools, a chalk up of forty senior high school students, twenty students comprising of ten phallic and ten womanish students from domain high school and twenty students comprising of ten potent and ten fe young-begetting(prenominal) students from insular high school were randomly asked to answer the questionnaires provided by the gathering. The national school was a public national high school locate in Los Banos, Laguna.On the other hand, the secret school is a registered hidden non-sectarian high school in Los Banos, Laguna as well. The respondents have a mean age of 16 years old, ranging from 15-18, having a mode of 16. Measures The most commonly used and most frequently self devised measuring instrument, the questionnaire was used simply to obtain information directly from subject as to make a standardized list of factual information or kindle practical application that was generalized to a larger population.A one-shot survey questionnaire was used as the research instrument in the study of determining the prevalence of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages among senior students from secret and public high schools. It is a usual study design where a single group of individuals is selected for observation over a single, limited time period, usually because they have experienced some factor taken as important in shaping some outcome (Kelly, 2012). And according to Jupp (2012), it is akin to one-off crosssectional design.As shown in Appendix A, a letter to the respondent identifying our topic and informing our objectives were told. Moreover, see Appendix B for the complete copy of the questionnaire used in the study. 7Page The questionnaire was divided into three parts Personal information, Physio logical status and Lifestyle, and Social Aspect. The Personal information section was used for determining the age, sex, sign of school, religion, and parents civil status. While in the physiological status and lifestyle section, this would verbalize us how often the students from hush-hush and public schools smoke and drink alcoholic beverages.Also, to find out if the students were aware of the effects that these specific vices can collapse to their health condition. Lastly, the way of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages of the students in equipment casualty of having a companion or not while smoking and/or drinking and the perceptions of parents and themselves were determined in the Social Aspect section. The Setting The researchers had entrusted the set of questionnaires to one of the respondents from public and one from mysterious high schools. They were the ones who distributed the set questionnaires to their cub senior high school classmates.The respondents were a given a unhurt day time to answer the survey questionnaire. The two entrusted students collected all the completely answered survey questionnaires at the end of the day. Data Analysis In the process of obtaining, the questionnaires were made, distributed and collected again. For a more simple analysis of the data collated, tallying was made in a tabulated manner. The data obtained were computed to get the percentage by dividing the number of score with the sum total of scores and then multiplying it by 100% using the formula P = f / N x 100% WhereP Percentage N Total number of respondents F Frequency 8Page And lastly, for an easier glance to the data collected, it will have a graphical inaugurateation in a form of kick downstairs graph, pie chart and other usual graphical ways to present the data. In order to identify the reasons why they smoke and what they think their parents cover them a list of possible choices were mentioned in the questionnaire. These reasons were ranked 1 to 3 by the respondents who are smoking and/or drinking alcoholic beverages. In order to evaluate the ranks, an improvised rubric is formulated.Every number (rank) has an equivalent select just to differentiate and identify the leading reasons. company 1 3 signs aim 2 2 points Rank 3 1 point The highest vote will be assigned as the top reason while the others will be ranked according to the accumulated votes. The tabulated rank can be found on the results and discussion. Other data, including the occurrence, prevalence, frequency, reasons, and perceptions of anthropoid and distaff senior students smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages among private and public high schools were tabulated and graphed in order to see the comparison.While in determining the awareness of the students if smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages had an effect on their health condition, and if they were able to gain friends were in a form of poll. 9Page RESULTS AND interchange The prevalence of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages among senior students of public and private high school were determined and observed. As seen in skirt 1, the total number of students smoking is 3, with 2 females and 1 male in public school. While 4 students, with 3 males and 1 female in private school. Among the 40 students, 7 of them were smoking. put back 1. Number of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools Public semiprivate Subtotal potent 1 3 4 distaff 2 1 3 3 4 7 TOTAL As seen in Table 2, the total number of students drinking alcoholic beverages in public school is 6, with 4 males and 2 females. While there are 9 students drinking alcoholic beverages in private school. Among the 40 students, 15 of them were drinking alcoholic beverages. Table 2. Number of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools Public Private Subtotal Male 4 6 10 Female 2 3.5 6 9 15 TOTAL 10 P a g e The occurrence of male and female students smoking in public and private high school students is shown in Fig. 1. It was observed that theres a higher(prenominal) number of smoking students in male category in private school. While, there is a higher number of smoking students in female category in public school. Moreover, students from private schools are more exposed to smoking. This might be because of the availability and put up withability. Most private school students are in middle to high class statuses. Smoking 3. 5 3 2. 5 2 Male 1. 5 Female 1 0. 5.0 Private Public Fig. 1. Occurrence of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools Conversely, The occurrence of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in public and private high school students are shown in Fig. 2.. It was observed that theres a higher number of students drinking alcoholic beverages in male category in private school. While, there is a higher number of students drinking alcoholic beverages in male category in public school. Moreover, students from private schools are more exposed to drinking alcoholic beverages.This might be because of the accessibility and affordability. Most private school students are in middle to high class statuses. 11 P a g e imbibition 7 6 5 4 Male 3 Female 2 1 0 Private Public Fig. 2. Occurrence of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools Table 3. Frequency of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools Daily 1-2 times a workweek 3-5 times a week Occasionally Public Male Female 2 1 Male Female Subtotal 0 0 Private Subtotal 0 3 1 0 TOTAL 0 5 2 0 12 P a g e 0%.Smoking 0% 29% Daily 1-2x a week 3-5x a week Occasionally 71% Fig. 3. Frequency of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools Table 4. Frequency of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools Daily 1-2 times a week 3-5 times a week Occasionally Public Male Female 4 1 1 Male Female Subtotal 0 Private Subtotal 0 5 2 2 TOTAL 0 9 3 3 13 P a g e Figure 4. Frequency of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools 0% Drinking 20%.Daily 1-2x a week 3-5x a week 20% 60% Occasionally Students involved in smoking in private and public high schools had their own reasons why they did the vice. As seen in Table 5, the most voted reason in public high school was to examine, and the least was because they succeedd it from their parents. On the other hand, the most voted reason in private high school was to look into also and the least was because of losing slant and media influence. 14 P a g e Table 5. Rank of reasons of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools.Smoking Public Private Rank Votes Reason Rank Votes 6 0 Imitated from parents 2 6 2 5 Peer pressure 3 4 3 3 Media influence (advertisements) 5 0 5 1 in 4 3 5 1 Form of rise 4 3 4 2 missing to lose weight 5 0 1 6 To experiment 1 8 18 24 Table 6. feature be of reasons of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools Smoking Rank Reason Votes 1 To experiment 14 2 Peer pressure 9 3 Imitated from parents 6 4 Fashionable 4 4 Form of uprising 4 5 Media influence (advertisements) 3 6 Wanting to lose weight 2 42.15 P a g e Reasons for smoking 7% To experiment 5% 33% 10% Peer Pressure Imitated from parents Fashionable 10% Form of anarchy Media influence 14% 21% Figure 5. Combined be of reasons of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools Students involved in drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools had their own reasons why they did the vice. As seen in Table 7, the most voted reason in public high school was to have wide-cut time with friends, and the least was because of boredom and form of rebellion.On the other hand, the most voted reason in private high school was to have intelligent time with friends also and the least was because of boredom and form of rebellion also. 16 P a g e Table 7. Rank of reasons of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools Drinking Alcoholic beverages Public Rank Vote Private Reason Rank Vote 1 13 To have good time with friends 1 17 3 5 To experiment, to see what its like 2 10 5 2 To feel good, get high 4 7 4 4 Because it tastes good 6 4 2 9 To disentangle or relieve strain 3 9 7 0 Boredom.7 0 5 2 To get away from my problems 5 6 7 0 Form of rebellion 7 0 7 0 Influenced by alcoholic parents 8 0 6 1 To get to ease 7 1 7 0 To pass with a group I like 8 0 7 0 see red or frustration 8 0 36 54 17 P a g e Table 8. Combined ranking of reasons of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools Drinking Rank Reason Votes 1 To have good time with friends 30 2 To relax or relieve tautness 18 3 To experiment, to see what its like 15 4 To feel good, get high 9 5 Because it tastes good 8 5 To get away from my problems.8 6 To get to eternal rest 2 7 Boredom 0 7 Form of rebellion 0 7 Influenced by alcoholic parents 0 7 To fit with a group I like 0 7 displeasure or frustration 0 90 18 P a g e Reasons for drinking alcoholic beverages 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% To have good time with friends To relax or relieve tension 9% To experiment, to see what its like 9% 33% To feel good, get high Because it tastes good To get away from my problems 10% To get to sleep Boredom Form of rebellion 17% Influenced by alcoholic parents 20% To fit with a group I like Anger or frustration Fig. 6.Combined ranking of reasons of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools High school students are indeed part of the society. However, that does not mean that all of them are aware on certain issues present in the status quo today. Figure7 shows us that in damage of awareness of male and female students in the effects of smoking to the health conditio n, 95% said that they are aware, and 5% said they are not aware. This just means that even though majority fill ins that this can affect health condition, there are still young students who are blindly exposed to this habit. sensitive Not apprised 95% 5% Fig. 7. Awareness status of male and female students in the effects of smoking to the health condition 19 P a g e Figure 8 shows us that in terms of awareness of male and female students in the effects of drinking alcoholic beverages to the health condition, 100% said that they are aware. Students were able to identify the negative effects of drinking to health condition. 100% Aware Not Aware Fig. 8. Awareness status of male and female students in the effects of drinking alcoholic beverages to the health condition.While it is important to cheat the reason why some adolescents smoke and/or drink alcoholic beverages, and later on knowing if they were aware that these things affect their health conditions. We also have to look at the perceptions of people around them, and also what they think of themselves. In contrast to awareness of the respondents in the negative effects of smoking and drinking on health condition is their way of performing these vices, either only if, with friends, or both. Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 shows the way of drinking and smoking of public and private high school students respectively.It is observed that 53% or the majority of the students engage in drinking with friends, and 80% of them smoke either alone or with friends. This shows the social aspect of the students with their same age group in doing the said activities. 20 P a g e Do you drink by yourself or with your friends? 0% Alone 47% With friends 53% twain Fig. 9. Way of drinking alcoholic beverages of male and female students among public and private high schools Do you smoke by yourself or with your friends? 0% 20% Alone With friends Both 80% Fig. 10. Way of smoking of male and female students among public and private high s chools.21 P a g e Table 9. Perception of smokers and/or drinker of people on them Parents undisturbed Friends Self 2 3 4 0 2 1 - 9 - 8 - 6 4 2 4 Addict Good inquisitive As seen in Fig. 11, the majority of the students answered peaceful as what they think their parents judgment of them. The least vote was they thought that their parents think their children were bad. This means that even if theyre doing those kinds of vices, their parents still accept them. What your parents think of you? 9% 10% Cool Addict Good 23% 58% big(p) Fig. 11.Perception of the respondents on what their parents think of them as they smoke and drink alcoholic beverages 22 P a g e On the other hand, the Fig. 12 shows the perception of the respondents on what their friends think of them in interlock of the said vices. 54% think that their friends check their activity in a good way because it helps them gain friends, to be able to interact, and to socialize well with other people. It is observed that what they think their friends see also had the same result as to how they comprehend themselves when they smoke or drink.What your friends think of you? 13% 20% Cool Addict 13% Good Bad 54% Fig. 12. Perception of the respondents on what their friends think of them as they smoke and drink alcoholic beverages It is also important that students can assess themselves even if they are doing some vices. As seen in Figure 13, majority of them still thought that they are good. However, 6% of the students thought they are addicts. Conversely, there is a consensus that 27% thought that they are cool and bad. 23 P a g e How do you perceive youself? Cool 27% 27% Addict Good 6% Bad 40% Fig.13. Perception of the respondents on what they perceive on themselves as they smoke and drink alcoholic beverages Perceptions are indeed important. But, it is still significant when it comes to application or reality. Are these students still gain friends after all their vices? In a poll seen in Fig. 14 , 9 out of 15 said that they gained friends, and 6 out of 15 said that they did not gain friends. Meaning, there people who discriminate or dislike the vices. Or even if its okay for them, it is not proper to be exposed earlier. Did you gain friends? Yes No 60%.40% 9 out of 15 6 out of 15 Fig. 14. A poll showing the effect of drinking and/or smoking on their socialization Seemingly, many committed smokers and/or drinkers showed that they gained friends after having learning how to smoke and/or drink. However, there are still some who dont. 24 P a g e confinement AND SIGNIFICANCE Limitation There are certain problems that were encountered in the study. One of which is that the idea that honesty in answering these questionnaires have suffered. The respondents may or may not answer these questionnaires in full honesty.From here, we may have little discrepancies or percentage errors. Significance The significance of this study is for the teenagers to be aware in terms of the effects of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages on their physiological health. This study can also help the parents of those teenagers to understand more the point of view of teenagers who are engaged to these activities. They can know the cause why teenagers are into smoking and drinking alcoholic beverage. 25 P a g e SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.Summary and endpoint The study was able to conduct the research on the prevalence of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages among senior students of public and private high school. 18% of the students in both public and private schools are engaged in smoking however, there are students in private schools who smoke more than students in public schools. It is concluded that the social status of the students is a common factor since private school students have more access to cigarettes and could afford it than those in public schools.It is also determined that the male students in private schools and the female students in public sc hools are more prone to the said vice and their main reasons were (1) to experiment (2) peer pressure and (3) imitated from their parents. With regards to their way of smoking, the students general frequency is 1-2 times a week, and they usually smoke either alone or with peers. Most likely they tend to smoke with their peers because it is their way of socialization. The students also perceive that they are also likely to gain friends when they smoke.It is concluded that the perception of the students to what their parent think of them is in-the-trend when they are engaged in smoking. The majority thinks that their parents consider them as cool or sophisticated. Aside from that, the respondents think that their friends remark to smoking in a good way, causing them to also perceive the same judgment. To summarize the above statements, it is evident that the students in their adolescent stage have more desire to please their peers rather than their parents because they want to have a sense of belonging and they want to socialize more with people of the same age group.Peers are the most important relationship in the teenage years. They engage in different kinds of activities, and one of those are vices. In this stage, the curiosity level of the person is prominent because he/she is able to perceive different kinds of activities from various types of people. Parents are also a factor because they are the ones who nourish their childs well-being. What they do causes 26 P a g e various impacts on the child, causing him/her to either imitate it or not.The social status of the students also has an effect on their engagement in vices it depends on how well they can afford it and on what terms they could get access. On the other hand, not every student in both public and private high schools is aware that smoking can affect their health condition. 5% of the students are still blindly exposed to the effects of smoking therefore, it is recommended that both kinds of sch ools should also give the students more knowledge and expose them.

Pricing Strategy and Distribution Essay

Nature dish antenna Price strategy go forth be the penetration hypothesis for my product. Penetration is determine deplorable to come the sales, encourage trail, and trigger by word of mouth. Nature peach trees mineral disintegrate foundation lead not be a new product that no company has standardized to. We get out claim to start by gaining the trust of the consumers by word of mouth and disparate marketing strategies to the targeted customers. This way once the product has some buzz and customers c be for the products rate, we can toll the mineral powder foundation at mellow scathe do to the demand of the product.The competing cosmetic company has a similar product that claims help the grate improve. This company go forth be ceremonious in the cosmetic industry and customers forget realize trust in them. We at Nature Beauty are striving to expire a powerhouse cosmetic line so we can equipment casualty agree the quantify we believe we hold. Penetration stra tegy is the best the company because in that respect are a lot of different producst that compliments the mineral powder foundation and other general everyday hygiene use compositors case of products that insufficiency to bring out.With this strategy we can price the other products low as well and hopefully with the trust of Nature Beauty mineral powder foundation gains it will help us introduce them. horizontal though Nature Beauty can be considered a extravagance cosmetic, we also want it to become a necessity to the consumers as well. We want the demand for it increases by making the consumers feel like this product is a need and want them to live by this Brand. Penetration strategy will also work with medium pricing range. Medium is a militant approach.Pricing the mineral powder foundation could be about price above or slightly price below. Nature Beauty picks slightly below. This goes into the theory for starting off low in and gaining value to price high. We want the c ustomers to perceive this product as safe and efficient and more(prenominal) valuable compared to the star(p) cosmetic competitor. I believe we will have to start out as an alternative cosmetic and show that we are just as just or a better distinguish. overly with the feedback from the customers feedback and response to our product, can determine the value of its offering.The leading competitor pricing strategy are mostly medium or high leaning towards the Skimming theory. You have companies like Revlon, Cover female child who are well known, easy, and are very accessible to the consumer at your local drug store or even supermarkets. They put off a new product and it is the priced high and after a while you will see the product come down then maintain at lower price. Nature Beauty is pricing tactics is set pricing. match to EZine articles. com, Value pricing is a strategy that businesses with a high value product or service use.The strategy is to sell the high value product or service at a low, value price. ancestry this price is not to be below cost but at what the customer would perceive to be a low price. Nature Beauty believes this a good fit for its product because all of the products are authentically good, safe, and highly effective. Also Ezine articles mentioned that Customers perceptions are influenced by the value they perceive in the relationship between the attributes of the product or service and the price they will have to pay for that product or service.Customers also are influenced by price comparison amongst similar products or services. Nature Beauty provides a product that conceals the unwanted blemishes, scars, tattoos, and gives you a even flawless skin tone while with the alone extracts, and organic ingredients helps improve your skin for a softer and clearer skin. We believe if the consumers see the attributes that this product have and also trust the other product that compliments the mineral powder foundation, we will price high to the true value of the product.Even though we are using the Value pricing tactic, Nature Beauty believes we are a good brand and want the consumers to believe that we are high quality with a good price. In the psychology of pricing the price is a clear, tangible cue, higher the price set the highest expectation. However, even though its easier to start high and lower prices later down the line, depending on sales of the products, we dont want to jump the broom on the price set. We believe that we flirt the expectation for a higher price and will strive to become a brand that can set a premium price like it leading competitors.Nature Beauty does want to use the theory framing on the products that compliments the mineral powder foundation. Framing is pricing higher prices and then discount to make the consumers feel better. There will be promotions that will give consumers the chance to try these products such lotion, nervus facialis cleanser, beauty bar soap, make-up remove r wipes, and future idea products for free or at a discounted price. But they will not always be on sale. Nature beauty will push these products out individually starting out high then discounting them after we introduced the new and modish product.

Space Exploration Advantages

For those who believe the cost of infinite exploration are greater than the benefits, George Delucas, an astronaut who flew on the 1992 capital of South Carolina mission, says, There will almodal values be people who would like to get an end to space travel, but I dont speak up that is what our population wants or needs. Our county has always been about exploration and the pursuit of fellowship (Delucas qtd. in Malick 3). This quote generalizes the attitude many Americans have toward the space program.When the Apollo 11 crew successfully landed on the moon, the crew and millions of Americans were filled with haughtiness and a sense of accomplishment. What most citizens do not realize is how oft knowledge and new technology the United States gained through Apollo 11 and the otherwise space missions. Some of these citizens do not believe a springy need for the space program exists. To them, the space program is just a waste of money and benignant lives. The recent Columbia dis aster that resulted in the loss of seven American lives wholly supports their argument.However, it is not possible way to measure the loss of life and money over the advances in knowledge, technology, and medicine. The only known fact is that the exploration of space has. dummy exploration is a big part of American history and has been shrouded with controversy for years and years. Space exploration is defined as the investigation of physical conditions in space and on stars, planets, and their moons through the use of artificial satellites, space probes, and spacecraft with human crews (Whitehouse).From the space race with Russia to unmanned lunar probes, space exploration inspires and enlightens any person that comes in contact with it. One example of an inspiring upshot in space exploration was the Apollo project. The Apollo missions were quite possibly the most habitual and publicized events in American history. The Apollo missions were often disastrous, successful, triumph ant, and also neutral and routine. end-to-end all the publicity and controversy space exploration will extend in American and world history forever and will cut through to live in the heart of Man.

Dignity in Care Essay

Definition of high-handedness the quality or stir of being worthy of think up or respect.(the free dictionary 2011).This comment seems short, still the concept of dignity is more(prenominal) profound, the nurse should use her cozy tool thus being feelings , empathy, compassion and use these productively.(Haddock 1996). The reason adequate to(p) look let push through that an older soulfulness , may throw off of dignified, treat , awe in refined surroundings in hospital is not being fulfilled in some cases This essay go out discuss the concepts of dignity, and discuss the importance of dignity in treat care. Illustrating the signifi housece in protocols, and furthermore, giving the persevering the scoop possible outcome. We sh entirely examine the guidelines set by the care for and midwifery council (NMC) and how of the essence(p) it is for nurses to uphold these standards, when delivering care to the patient of.We shall excessively look at the aging process, and how illnesses atomic number 50not precisely be put down to age, discussing how medication mass match the elderly and also how it end booster. Highlighting the subscribe for nurses not to fuck off robotic at tasks as delicate as the one giving passim this essay , the need to empathise and give the patient as more dignity as possible. Also looking at infection control, and how captious it is in the clinical setting for the wellness care team, and also for the patients wellness.Following guidelines from National institute for wellness and clinical integrity (NICE), the Department of Health (DH) and several studies with regards to infection control , and health matters such(prenominal) as health promotion and how it can empower the patient which can friend in their dignity. Looking at how the muti-disciplinary team help with the boilersuit care and how definitive to work as a team to arrive at the best outcome. Reviewing my own mortalal journey as I hold done interrog ation into dignity and spring upon my own practice, and how it may diverseness or enhance my future nursing care.Len bedrooms is an elderly human being in your care. He is not confused or disorientated but is anxious, weighty of listening and physically tenuous, needing assistant to walk. The doctor has just finished the interview and tellsyou that Mr. Chambers needs to go to the toi allow. There is a musical note of dejection, Mr. Chambers trousers and shoes are wet with urine, and he appears stir up and disruption. With reference to the NMC Professional Code of Conduct (2008) describes the actions that you will take to advocate and maintain this clients dignity.MAINBODYThe concept of dignity is an individual right, e very(prenominal)one has clear up worth has human beings. To treat someone with dignity, is by giving that individual worth in a way that values them as an individual, as suggested by Milburn patients wish well to be recognized and treated with respe ct (Milburn et al 1995), and with this being their birthright, it must also continue after death. Dignity should be applied equally to people who have the capacity or not, whether that is of a physical or mental convey, what must be paramount is the individuals egotism value and worth. In care circumstances, the concept of dignity can be encouraged or weakened depending on factors such as surroundings and attitude of healthcare staff. By giving the patient dignity, this then empowers them to make choices, which then gives them confidence to make decisions on their care. (NMC 2008). The code of commerceal acquit (NMC 2008) will guide my actions, in giving the care for Mr Chambers.The code of manoeuver states to treat the patient as an individual, and respect their dignity. Approaching Mr Chambers, I would allege myself and ask him how he would like to be addressed the principle for this is to let Mr Chambers know who he is talking to and also gives him the respect of realiz e choice, thus keeping in with the guidelines of the code and promotes autonomy. However reflecting back on my own practice and some male patients can be disquieting with a female nurse, I would ask him if he preferred a male nurse to assist him, and taking into account Mr Chambers carcass language, and the tone of his reply, and also being aware of my own aura at such a sensitive time. Mr Chambers has become incontinent of faeces and urine, an appreciatement of incontinence would need to be carried out by a particular(prenominal)ist nurse, to establish if he is incontinent.Urinary incontinence is a parking field of view and distressing problem, taking into account Mr Chambers is anxious, coming from a genesis which can be proud in nature,so it is completely perceivable wherefore the need for sensitivity is required. Making sure this is fully explained (after nursing care as been stipulation) to Mr Chambers, and gaining his full consent for a referral to the correct health professional, but before doing so a routine urinalysis analyze should be carried out, to rule out all infection present, earlyly by doing a dipstick test and each signs of infection can then be sent to the correct department for further tests. The fact that Mr Chambers has hindrance walking maybe the only reason he was incontinent, simply because he didnt make it to the toilet, however in most cases an underlying medical exam problem maybe present, and referring him to the correct department will be able to rule this out.Age is also a factor according to research , as we age we are more likely to need medication, for tear pressure for instance , and these medications can have an heart and soul on the bladder (Avom.J et al 2003) so maybe a review of his medication can help. The frail elderly (age 65+) are likely to be more intolerant of drugs than their fit age group (Cussack.B.J 1989), and are particularly at attempt from, adverse reactions (Williamson .J, Chopin J. 1989) These are the predictable, dose-dependent and common manifestations of toxicity that cause substantial morbidity in the frail population (Thompson JW, Rawlins MD)Mr Chambers has difficulty hearing and this could affect his communication, which could lead to anxiety. By providing the right environment, making time so that the patient does not feel rushed, and Provide some privacy when talking about sensitive and important issues, ensuring the patient has each communication assist that they need e.g. hearing aid, when you are talking to them. (Leveson.R 2007).This upholds the confidentiality, privacy and dignity of Mr Chamber this is working within the code of practice, of confidentiality and consent. Has Noted Mr Chambers is a frail gentleman who will require assistance with his activities of daily living, and may need to be referred to the continuing health care team to place a package of care for him, also the physiotherapy team to help with his mobility.after gaining consent, and reassuring Mr Chambers we shall work together, crack him the choice of either go to the bathroom, or wishing to stay in the bay area. This is adhering to the code of collaborating with the onesin your care (NMC 2008). Mr Chambers appears agitated and upset, whilst fecal/urine incontinence can have a psychological affect on him. Studies have shown this can be tearfulness stress, distress, anxiety, exhaustion, feeling dirty, anger, humiliation, depression, isolation, secrecy, frustration and embarrassment (Chelvanayagam S, Norton C 2000.) To revoke any further humiliation, and suggesting to Mr Chambers a shower would be appropriate, however before doing so, assist him to undress and wash in the bay area first, to avoid walking down the ward in his current circumstances. The rationale for doing this is to keep Mr Chambers dignity, thus avoiding more distress. Gathering the equipment required to draw out this task and following guidelines/polices of infection control.Infection C ontrol It is estimated that health care infection (HCAI) affects one in 10 national health service (NHS) patients each year, and costs the NHS one billion per year. (DH 2003) The hands of healthcare workers can be one of the main sources of transmitting infection, therefore it is decisive hands are washed at each patient contact, and any connection with contaminated equipment (DH 2001).However studies have been shown that the technique of hand washing is mainly not carried out properly (creedon 2005). A selection of protective equipment should be based on an assessment of the risk of transmission of bacteria to the patient, and the risk of contamination of the healthcare practitioners clothing and skin by patients body fluids, secretions or excretions.(NICE 2003)The rationale for following the protocols of infection control is to derogate /eradicate the risk of transmissions of infections, and reflecting back on my own practice ,this assures the patient that you are dissipated, and also prompts/promotes them to wash their hands which will reduce any infection. In the NMC code of conduct 2008 states to make the care of people your first business, treating them as individuals and respecting their dignity (NMC 2008). Keeping Mr Chambers dignity in thought, and maintaining health promotion, I assist him to undress and wash, asking his preferences and how he normally carries out this task, encouraging him when needed, this helps promote confidence in his own abilities. Gaining his consent, with regard to assisting him in bathroom to shower, and if he would like hospital garments if he has no clean garments, as he can be anxious about his grime clothing.Assisting , Mr Chambers to wash grave to reach areas ,however also to give him independencywhen necessary, having the patience and time to listen to his needs, and actively listening how he may have done things in his own environment, can help with dignity. Patient-centred nursing is a style of practice that d emonstrates a respect for the patient as a person. Through being with rather than merely doing to the patient and offering personal support and practical expertise( treat Times 2005) Has Mr Chamber needs assistance when mobile, a referral to the physiotherapist will be required. Furthermore, to Use this opportunity to assess how Mr Chambers copes with his Activities of daily living (ADL). The rationale is to see how much assistance Mr Chambers requires, and to inform the correct health care professional of any progress, in addition to this making sure the correct data (e.g. take a chance assessments, personal preferences), is transferred to his file and to avoid any inconsistencies, also to elude any awkward situations in his future nursing care.Reflecting on Mr. Chambers and the care provided how difficult it must be for an elderly to be independent all their lives then having a younger person to take over their care. This extension seems notoriously proud, and keeping within pol icies of care, and trying to give him his dignity, is quite hard to balance, an example of this would be infection control, having to wear gowns and gloves because of protocols, however this must be degrading in some respects for Mr Chambers. These procedures can have an effect on him psychologically, conversely he may understand if I explained to him why these measures are in place. Seeing Mr Chambers upset can be daunting at first, but to realise why he his upset is the key to a happy outcome. So communication is very important in this situation, and to actively listen to his concerns will also be very beneficial to me as a nurse.For instance he may state how he keeps soiling himself, would suggest he has incontinence problems rather, other than he just couldnt make it to the bathroom. Mr. Chambers mobility was an issue, and again this must be difficult to express to younger active person, it would most probably also be embarrassing, as they were young once, and after all it is th e body that ages. My concern would be to try and empathise with him, and keep the communication open utilise methods such as eye contact and body language to help me, and maybe use an experience of my own, such as family members, which may help him relax some more, and hope that this helps my future practice .When you feel dignified, you have the sense of selfworth, confident, happy , it also builds a trust with the person who is nursing you , without it you can feel devalued, no confidence, low self esteem thus leading to patients unable to carry out tasks such as (ADLs) where they maybe of been capable of doing so before. I aim to enhance my Nursing care and hope that I learn something new in every given situation, to help build on my knowledge which in act upon will give excellent care to the most important person the patient, and also to share my knowledge within the team of healthcare professionals, and in turn learn from others experience and value each patient like you woul d your own family regardless of their condition, mood ,ethnicity, religion we are all equals and sometimes this can be lost in organizations.Nursing is lifelong instruction matter, and patients can be unpredictable everyday is new, challenges will arise from patients, demands will have to be met, stressful situations will be dealt with, but this is the profession I choose to be in, and my future Nursing will continuously be to remain professional, Contrary to this what should be predictable, or should be beneficial throughout the healthcare settings is the concept of dignity. I will continue to reflect on my own practice and learn more from every given situation whilst keeping within the code of conduct set out by the NMC.REFERENCESAvom R (2003) principles of pharmacology newyork springerChelvanayagarns (2000) Quality of life with faecal incontinence problems. Nursing times 2000 pg 6 Creedon (2005) compliance with recommended guidelines. J adv nurs( pg 208-216) Cussack BJ (1986 ) special considerations in the elderly the practice of geriactrics Boston Department of Health (2001) ideal principles for preventing hospital-Aquired infection . J Hosp Infect.47-48 Department of Health (2003) Winning Ways functional Together to Reduce Healthcare Associated Infection in England. London utHaddock (1996) daybook of Advanced Nursing 1996 Nov24(5)924-31.Levenson, R. (2007). The challenge of Dignity in Care Upholding the rightsof the individual. Help the Aged London. Milburn et al (1995) www.intermid.co.uk Accessed online (20/7/2011)NMC (2001,2008) www.nmc-uk.org/) Accessed online (18/7/2011)Nursing Times (2005) A systematic approach to the improvement of patient care. VOL 101, trim back 24, PAGE NO 34-36Nice (2003) w.nice.org.uk/nice/pdf/22_FINALpressrelease_infewwctioncontro. Accessed online (18/07/2011)The free Dictionary (2011) www.thefreedictionary.com.dignity. Accessed online (20/07/2011)Thompson JW, Rawlins MD. (1998) Journal of Medicine, New Series 68, No. 255, pp. 505-506.Williamson J, Choplin J (1988) British Medical diary (Clin Res Ed). 1988 296(6636) 15511552.

Briefing Memo on Globalization

The discussed chapter of the book is not confined to one specific surface ara of business, but rather seeks to analyze General galvanizing impact by globalization trends and GE managements response. In this way, the article provides interdisciplinary knowledge, which ties political economy of globalization, strategic management, corporate culture and marketing. 2. The power makes the list that General Electric activities were officially affected by globalization, as this high society had all necessary resources for big export and investment activities foreign.Its massive home base of production, renowned and recognizable brand, and support of American government and multinational monetary institutions were the basic prerequisites for GEs successful export and investment activities abroad. These changes resulted in significant reorganization of connections structure (initiated by Welch). 3. agent gives examples of new GE policies, directed at financial investment abroad, inhering reorganization of management practices, corporate culture and leadership.The spread of GE plate in Europe and other continents and acquisition of new productive capacities abroad (Central and Eastern Europe) are discussed. Important evidence provided by the author refers to extensive use of international labor crush and management specialists. 4. The authors evidence corresponds with existing trends and facts. Globalization process inwardly GE is demonstrable GE management globalized the intellect of the company, that is qualified labor force, which significantly de-Americanized it.Besides this, GE relies on local cadres in managing its headquarters overseas. Other facts, such(prenominal) as Welch cutting American labor force in GE by 50% since 1986 and doubling the number of abroad labor force signify true nature of authors argument. 5. Managers should be mindful of these arguments due to several reasons. First of all, globalization trends are inevitable and all(p renominal) company is affected by the same economic laws and processes.Without knowing the obtain of such influential companies as General Electric, it would be difficult to bone the process of change in a given company. Secondly, authors argument provides not only interesting descriptions and facts, but practically probed strategies of positive and powerful globalization of activities. Article discusses the subject of technological development within General Electric and focuses on application of its technologies in aesculapian sphere. Its confined to GE technological innovations in medical sphere.2. The authors main argument may be summarized as follows technical innovations in GE are no less important, than technical breakthroughs in electronic computer industry, represented by such companies as Microsoft, Apple and IBM, and General Electric continues to spend its resources on R &D. In proving his argument the author focuses on GE Medical Systems Information technical school nologies department activities, directed at creating a digital system of patients records in hospital, implementing new techniques of medical data outline, etc.3. The author gives much evidence in support of his argument through his analysis of past and present technological development in General Electric. Koprowski lists such important innovations as building a superconducting magnet, which resulted in creation of magnetized resonance imaging. General Electric also created the first computer system, which was apply for electrocardiograms analysis. Nowadays GE continues to implement his technical innovations in medical sphere.Author claims that provide Archiving Communication System (PACS), which stores medical content, is a good demonstration of GE innovative investment. Besides this, PACS created Excite (magnetic resonance technique), which provides perfect resolution, used in imaging patients body. Other major innovations of GE in this sphere are connected with scans, radiog rams, lighting ergonomics, 3D tomography etc. 4. Authors evidence and arguments are well-grounded, however, he fails to present a general calculate of technological and research process within company.The article is confined to medical sphere, and innovations discussed do not bear revolutionary character, but merely snip existing techniques. The digitalization discussed in the article could be realized by other companies and is not specific to GE. Moreover, the article lacks proper analysis of heavy research in GE. 5. Managers should be aware of this argument, because it provides examples of practical application of companys technical innovations, which helps connect the process of R&D with technical goals.Without such connection, R&D in the company is not effective and management is not optimistic about its necessity. Works Cited Lowe, Janet. Welch An American Icon. Chapter 6 The Globalization of General Electric. New York Wiley, 2001. Koprowski, Gene J. General Electrics Tech Past, Present, Future. TechNewsWorld. August, 2003. 13 October 2008.

Research on Internet Usage Among Penang Matriculation College

(i) BACKGROUND INFORMATION By the human action mechanism of the century, information, including addition to the profits, will be the basis for personal, economic, and political advancement. The popular tell apart for the net proceeding is the information super noble agency. Whether you want to rise up posthumousst financial news, array by library catalogs, exchange information with colleagues, or join in a lively political debate, the network is the tool that will mother you beyond your teleph superstars, faxes, and isolated computers to a burgeoning networked information frontier.The lucre supplements the traditional tools you intent to gather information, data graphics, and news and correspond with other people. Used skillfully, the lucre shrinks the world and brings information, expertise, and knowledge on nearly both subject conceivable straight to your computer. The lucre links are computer networks every(prenominal)(prenominal) told oer the world so that use rs can share resources and communicate with each other. rough computers have direct introduction to all the facilities on the internet such as the universities. And other computers, (e. privately-owned ones), have indirect links through a commercial dish provider, who offers some or all of the internet facilities. In order to be connected to the internet, you must go through service suppliers. Many options are offered with monthly rates. Depending on the option chosen, access code clipping may vary. The internet is what we call a metanetwork that is a network of networks that spans the globe. It is unaccepted to give an exact count of the number of networks or users that comprise the internet, besides it is easily in the thousands and millions respectively.The internet employs a set of standardized protocols which accommodate for the sharing of resources among unalike kinds of computers that communicate with each other on the network. These standards, sometimes referred t o as the Internet Protocol Suite, are the rules that developers adhere to when creating new functions for the internet. The internet is excessively what we call a distributed system in that respect is no fundamental archive. Technically, no one runs the internet. Rather, the internet is make up of thousands of smaller networks.The internet thrives and develops as its umteen users find new ways to create, display and counterweightore the information that constitutes the internet. (ii) OBJECTIVES The main objective of conducting this experiment is to investigate the internet recitation among Penang Matriculation College (PMC) students. The survey is designed to answer the following questions 1) How the students access the internet? 2) How a good deal they access the internet? 3) How some(prenominal) hours they overlook time online? 4) What persona of website they usually visit objet dart online? 5) Do online affect their performances in studies?And the or so important th ing is, by conducting this look it reveals the reality of online behaviour among PMC students. At the early of the research, we came up with three hypotheses which powerfulness be related to the solving of the research Hypothesis 1 a) The volume of PMC students spend 3-5 hours online per week. Hypothesis 2 b) The main online purpose of PMC students is to hang in in touch with their family and friends. Hypothesis 3 c) Majority of the students online and theatre at the equal time. (iii) STATEMENT OF PROBLEM in that location are some tasks we discovered that leads to this survey.We came up with three important questions that it powerfulness be related to the results of this research 1. Does kind networking website (e. g Facebook, Twitter, Blog, etc. ) cark the students in their studies? * With the existence of electronic communication, it seems like the students have become accustom to these invention of public domain such as Facebook and Twitter. Some of them spend more t han 3 hours online per day. Thus, does this online behavior affect their performances in studies? 2. How do the students falsify their story time with their online behaviour? If students prefer to go study and online at the same time, will they be able to concentrate on their studies? This is the problem as we want to identify does this type of online behaviour affect the stringency of the students? 3. Can they survive their lives with tabu any internet connection? * Internet is one of the important things needed in life, especially for students. It suffices a isthmus as students need it in order to finish up all the assignments and digest further information on certain topics. Students in like manner breakers the internet to get the latest news on current issues.How would the students finishing their assignments if in that location is no internet connection in the college? (i) RESPONDENTS We randomly selected 50 students of PMC which set up 3% of the total students. We be lieved that majority of the students use internet in their unremarkable lives for education purposes. However, as we all know, in a new while world, students also need some entertainment to cheer up their lives an there is the eccentric of internet as students also can use it to find some entertainment in order to release stress. (ii) INSTRUMENTSIn completing this research, we apply various kind of method to gather data obtained a) Questionnaire * 10 questions nigh internet manipulation among PMC students were being asked and the questionnaire was distributed to 50 students of PMC. They were asked to answer the survey in order to complete this research and gain the data. The 50 students were randomly selected among all the total students and they were from different module of courses. b) Internet search * We also make comparison between the internet wont among PMC students and survey made by other international researcher.We found out that the usage of internet among students was high especially in purpose of education such as to do research projects and presentation. However, they also used the internet to throttle in data link with family and friends as the existence of social networking site helps a lot in connecting people all over the world. c) Book, paper and magazines * Besides, we also looked for points in magazines and newspaper about the latest news of internet usage among college students. How the internet plays its role in students lives and how the institution itself provide the nternet connection for the students. (iii) RESEARCH PROCEDURE a) kind One At the early stage of this research, we made a questionnaire to be distributed to the students. The questionnaire was checked by our English lecturer, Mr. Asokan before being photocopied. The questionnaire which has been checked and authorize then be photocopied and distributed to 50 selected students. b) Phase Two The distribution of the questionnaire was made during our recess time. We distributed the questionnaire to the students which came from different modules (Life Science, Physics and Accounting. Basically, the different module of students does non really affect our results of purpose as we put our aim on their PSPM results which might be related to their online behaviour. c) Phase Three We took al most(prenominal) 5 geezerhood to distribute the questionnaire and collect the data. Every one of group members was very unconquerable in conducting this research. The data collected was kept for further analysis. We gathered during spend and made further discussion about the purposes. ANALYSIS OF DATA & reciprocation OF FINDINGS We found out that 5% of the students access the internet through their unstable phone.We predicted that their mobile phone have the baron to access the internet through the prepaid internet service. 15% of the students favourite(a) to online at the cyber cafe which is most of the students were feminine students as the cyber cafe only located at female students block. Besides, another(prenominal) 37% of the students have their own broadband to access the internet. The rest of 43% students used the Wi-fi provided by the college and also through cafe. We can settle that students can access the internet through several of ways at anywhere and anytime. They dont need to be worry as the internet connection is always being available.The students also can crop the internet for many purposes and the internet connection provided is unlimited except if they access through PMC Wi-fi as the server blocked several websites containing improper limit for the students. Based on the pie chart above, we can see that majority of the students access the internet several times a week which represent 43% of the students. Another 32% of the students access the internet everyday, 13% online once a week, 10% online several times a day and finally 2% of the students online rarely which is once a month or less.The findings proved that every student have different type of online behaviour. The students who online once in a month or less probably think that internet does not really affect their lives. While for the students who access the internet once a week may be online for important purpose only. As for the rest, they often access the internet may be to modify themselves with latest issues or many other reasons. From the data obtained, 54% of the students fatigued time 3-5 hours online per week. Whereas 34% online more than 5 hours per week while another 12% exhausted 1-2 hours online per week.Spent 3-5 hours online per week is the average time for the PMC students to access the internet. They finished up their assignments, keep in touch with family and do other things online within 3-5 hours per week. They did not yen their time do something useless while online as 3-5 hours per week is a short period to access the internet. They negotiated to make use of the internet wisely. The main purpose of PMC students to go online is to contact their family and friends which cover 31% of the students. Basically, they might keep in contact through e-mails or video call with many types of communicating website such as Yahoo nd Skype. 28% of the students preferred to surf the social networking site such as Facebook, Twitter and many other. They also were able to keep in touch through those social networking site. 14% of the students access the internet to play games and most of them were male students. Hence, another 11% online with the purpose of finishing the assignments or maybe get update about the latest education topic through PMC portal. There were also some students who spent their time online to read online newspaper (3%), downloading music or videos (6%), and others (7%).From the findings, we found out that there was correlation between students online behaviour with their studies performance. 46% of PMC students spent less than 10 hours on studies per week. This may due to the ac tivity involved by the students itself. As class was finished in the late evening, students need more time to rest in order to make believe for the tomorrow class. At night, they had to finish their tutorials and made some revision for close topic. We can conclude that half of the PMC students spent more than 10 hours on studies per week. 9% spent more than 15 hours whereas another 25% spent time on studies between 10-15 hours. Different students have different ability to make revision. Some can study for more than 3 hours endlessly per day while some cannot. It depends on the ability of the students itself. From the data collected, it was proven that most of the students did not preferred to study and go online at the same time. They felt better if go study and online separately. Meaning, they might think that online while studying was such a waste of time, as students will be more focus to the internet compare to the books.This type of online behaviour was not really good for s tudents as it might affect students performance in studies. Thus, our third hypothesis which was the majority of the students online and study at the same time should be rejected as it was totally different from the result obtained. However, there were 39% of PMC students who still preferred to go study and online at the same time. It was how the student itself managed their study time and online time and in returns, there should be no problem with their studies performance.The final finding of this research was the PSPM 1 of PMC students. As we believed there was correlation between internet usage among PMC students and their studies performance, we noticed that 53% of the students achieved pointer of 3. 00-3. 99 in their PSPM 1. There was also 24% of the students success by achieved pointer of 4. From the above pie chart, it showed that the students were able to manage their time in studies and access the internet. As majority of them succeed by getting pointer of 3 and above. It proved that it depends on the student itself on how to manage their time.As the 16% of the student who got pointer of 2-2. 99 and 4% got 1. 99 or less, it might not because of the internet. They should work harder and lessen the internet usage if it was really affect their studies performance. CORRELATION BETWEEN ONLINE BEHAVIOUR AND STUDIES PERFORMANCE (i) CONCLUSIONS This study was intended to clarify the use of the Internet and its effect on studies performances of PMC students. total investigation of three primary questions revealed there is correlation between the step of time spent on the Internet and their studies performances.Additionally, the purposes of access the internet among PMC students showed that majority of the students online in order to keep in contact with family and friends and also to surf the social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Blog and many more. One finding of note was that the perception of the students about their studies performance was still not significantly influenced by Internet use. The seeming implication of this study is that the Internet, like so many other aspects of daily life, is merely a tool that individuals access and use in ways that they can choose. ii) RECOMMENDATIONS Throughout this research, we found out that internet was not the main factor that affect students performance. Students should put more effort in order to achieve superior results in examination. Determination is very important as a facial expression goes when theres a will, theres a way. This research teaches us a lot from the perspective of team work and responsibility. Our hope is, future research can be carried in all the matriculation colleges in the country so that we can compare how internet affect students performances in studies do. REFERENCES Websites 1. http//www. endeley. com/research/internet-use-among-female-and-male-college-s tudents/ 2. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Internet 3. http//www. jsu. edu/dept/geographics/m hill/research/resrept. html 4. http//www. adelaide. edu. au/writingcentre/learning_guides/learningGuide_writingAResearchReport. pdf ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to acknowledge and comprehend my heartfelt gratitude to every person who has made the completion of this project research. Without the help from them, we wont be able to finish this research successfully. root of all, we would like thank our English Lecturer, Mr.Asokan, for his vital encouragement and support. Thank you for bad us the chance to conduct this experiment as we learnt a lot throughout this research. Thank you also for helping us and guide us on how to make a complete and good report. Besides, thank you to all the practicum members for giving us support and helping us in finding information. We discuss and share any important information that could help in comleting this project. Last but not least, thank to God, who made all things possible. Thats all. Thank you TABLE OF CONTENT TitlePage 1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 downplay Information . 2 Objectives 1. 3 Statement of Problem 2. 0 methodological analysis 2. 1 Subject/Respondents 2. 2 Instruments 2. 3 Research Procedure 3. 0 FINDINGS & DISCUSSION 4. 0 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 5. 0 REFERENCES & APPENDICES RESEARCH ON INTERNET habit AMONG PENANG MATRICULATION COLLEGE (PMC) STUDENTS GROUP MEMBERS * MUHAMMAD ALIFF HAIQAL BIN MUHAMMAD NASIR (MS1113508572) * MUHAMMAD AZREE IZUDDIN BIN AZMAN (MS1113508640) * SHARIFAH NURFADHLIN AFIFAH BINTI SYED AZHAR (MS1113510255) * SITI HAJAR BINTI HASSAN (MS1113510322) PRACTICUM H1P2 LECTURERS pull in MR. ASOKAN